Catacomb al'ada: description, tarihi, halaye da kuma ban sha'awa facts

A cikin sararin expanses na Volga River zuwa Arewa Caucasus archaeologists gano daruruwan kaburbura, wanda shekaru da aka kiyasta fiye da hudu shekara dubu. Duniya rai wani lokaci a cikin ƙasa, sõyayya da na kowa al'ada, da ake kira catacomb. Shi ne na musamman don wannan rana rike da yawa asirai. Gaskiyar cewa irin wannan catacomb al'adu, je magana zuwa wannan labarin.

Man-yi da na halitta kogwanni

Kafin ka fara tattaunawar, don bayyana ma'anar kalmar "catacombs". A Rasha da shi aka samu daga Italian catacomba, kazalika da Latin catacumba, cewa a lokuta biyu tana nufin "karkashin kasa da kabarin." Kuma shi ne wani daidaituwa saboda catacombs - ba kõme ba sai a sararin kogo wani lokacin da sauƙi abin da ke faruwa, ko kuma abin da yake faruwa sau da yawa sosai, wucin gadi.

Su za a yi watsi quarry tare da wani dogon convoluted Tunnels ko na halitta kogwanni, da alaka da wani hadadden tsarin da farfajiyoyi da kuma galleries. Ga su da wani abu da ya zaɓi ya rufe su matattu yan'uwanmu mazauna na zamanin da ake kira tsakiyar Bronze Age, rufe da lokaci XXV-XX karni BC. e.

Nan da nan ya kamata a lura da cewa a cikin ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi, a Bugu da kari ga manufar "catacomb al'adu", akwai wani magana "Rami Kabari Culture", wanda kuma ya hade da hali na d ¯ kaburbura. Ba shi da wuya a tsammani cewa mutanen da wanda al'ada da dama a karkashin wannan definition, fĩfĩta yi amfani da matsayin kaburbura ba a karkashin kasa labyrinths, da rami, inda marigayin da aka sanya da kuma gina a kan saman tudun - da tudun, dogara kare cikin kabari daga looting.

Aikace-aikace na Rasha gine,

A ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi shi ne da aka sani a matsayin manufar "Catacomb al'ada". Ya dogara ne a kan kama daga al'adu na kananan kabilu inhabiting a cikin dogon tarihi tsawon steppe da gandun daji-steppe zone, yana tsawaita daga cikin ƙananan kai na cikin Don zuwa Arewa Caucasus da Urals. A karo na farko da wannan kalma gabatar a cikin wurare dabam dabam Rasha masanin kimiyya VA Gorodtsov tsunduma a cikin binciken na zamanin d makabarta a cikin farkon shekaru na XX karni.

Excavated mounds a Arewa Donets, masana kimiyya sun gano binne sanya a cikin catacombs. Wadannan sosai musamman binne Tsarin kunshi wani a tsaye shaft kai ga kwance corridor da kabarin dakin. Wannan zane fasali na wannan hanya na binne a yarda a kira su kwazo Catacomb al'adu.

Catacomb al'adu bambancin

Daga baya bincike ya nuna cewa wannan al'umma ne sosai iri-irin a tsarin da ya kunshi mutum archaeological al'adu, waxanda suke da gida, watau gida bambancin. Alal misali, catacomb al'ada Kuban, gano gida sauyin yanayi da kuma halitta fasali, muhimmanci bambanta daga abin da za a iya samu a cikin Caucasus.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa masana tarihi babu yarjejeniya game da asalin na catacomb al'adu. A yawan masu bincike yi imani da cewa shi ne wurin haifuwa na Caucasus, a cikin ra'ayi na wasu, ta bayyana tare da kabilan, wanda ya zo a farkon Bronze Age Cyprus. Duk da haka, tsanani muhawara a cikin ni'imar da wani daga cikin wadannan theories ba. Kusa tenable jarrabawa game da dangantaka da drevneyamnoy al'adu.

Halaye na Catacomb al'ada

Bincike ya nuna cewa mazauna na al'umman da na ga Catacomb al'umma, located, yafi a cikin babban kogin promontories, masu garu cliffs. Riverbanks sun dadi makiyaya, wanda sanya shi yiwuwa a tafiyar da dabba husbandry, shi ne kafuwar su tattalin arziki. Wani muhimmin bangaren da jindadin na zamanin d mazaunan ya kama kifi. Wannan ne evidenced da tono, wanda ke haifar a cikin shafukan na zamanin d ƙauyuka da aka samu da yawa, ƙashi na daga duka biyu kifi da kuma mallakar Pet - shanu, da na tumaki, da na dawakai.

Catacomb al'adu na Bronze Age ne halin da gwada da babban matakin masana'antu kayan aikin da makamai. Kamar yadda sakamakon bincike na kayayyakin samu a shafin, su aka yi da tagulla narke a cikin Caucasus. Waɗannan su ne gatura, rike da wuka da kuma wuƙaƙe leafy. Amma tare da su a cikin fairly manyan lambobin da aka ma samu dutse kayan aikin, kamar waɗansu gwalmõmin dũka, da gatura da arrowheads.

Duk da cewa da catacomb al'ada aka dogara ne a kan dabba husbandry da kuma kamun kifi, noma, ya taka leda a wasu, albeit a qananan rawa a cikin rayuwar 'yan kyauyen. Wannan ne evidenced samu a kananan yawa, wajen m m kayan aikin - jaraba hoes, sickles, metate da lauje-dimbin yawa wuƙaƙe na duwatsu. Akai-akai a cikin burials da aka samu da kuma gero hatsi.

Tafiya a kan Reyn na V Italiya

Daga cikin sauran binciken jawo hankali da gatura sanya na tagulla, da kuma ciwon huda ga abin da aka makala a kan su katako iyawa. A waɗannan kwanaki shi yiwuwa a koma zuwa high fasaha. Wani abu irin wannan za a iya gani idan mutanen Tsakiya da kuma Arewacin Turai.

A yawan masu bincike yi imani da cewa steppe mazaunan iya kawo su, sanya dogon tafiya, kai gaba na Italiya da kuma Rhine. Af, da abin hawa da suka kasance - a daya daga cikin catacomb burials na Rostov yankin a lokacin da tono da aka gano hudu-dabaran keken, da kuma gaba da shi - doki ƙasũsuwa, wanda, a general, shi ne mai yawa.

Social stratification na zamanin d jama'a

Catacomb al'adu ne ma halin da hujjõji rashin daidaito na dukiya da mazauna a wancan zamanin. Wannan ne evidenced da bambanci, wanda aka lura a cikin yawan daban-daban abubuwa, aza tare da marigayin ya binne jam'iyya, da kuma yi nufi ga wa tsaya a cikin afterlife. Tare da wani arziki sosai kaburbura, a fili yake ga mashãwarta a ko dattawa, akwai kaburbura na kusan bã tãre da wani kabari kaya.

Bugu da kari, wani gagarumin mataki na zaman jama'a stratification na mutane na zuwa Catacomb al'umma show m girma binne Tsarin da kuma binne mounds a kan kaburbura waɗanda suka gudanar da wani babban matsayi a cikin al'umma. Sun ayan zama mafi girma yawan batutuwa da suke kewaye da binnewa. Sau da yawa a cikin irin burials faru zuwa dama dubun doki skeletons. Babu shakka, da dawakai, makomarsu shigar nasara marigayin a cikin afterlife. Duk da ya ce game da hadaddun tsarin al'umma da kuma ta high matakin zamantakewa ta.

The kaburbura na shugabannin kabilu

Halaye na Catacomb al'adu zai zama bai cika ba idan ba ka zauna a kan cewa, duk da haka babban matsayi a cikin al'umma shagaltar da shugabannin. Matsayin mai mulkin, su dalĩli mika kan da dama kabilu da kuma danginsu. Game da cewa, yadda mai girma shi ne su zamantakewa matsayi za a iya hukunci da tsawo daga mounds, zuba a kan kaburbura, da kuma kaburbura kansu babban size da kuma yalwa na rakiyar abubuwa.

The labari shaft mafi yawa ana ajiye a wani babba zurfin, kuma su sau da yawa za a iya samu sun skeletons bayi, a kan tilas kashe da daure su yi aiki a matsayin master a gaba duniya. Known binne, a cikin abin da ganuwar da binne bẽnãye aka yi wa ado da kyãwãwa da tabarmi, da kuma gaba da ragowar marigayin shugaban na halayen ikonsa sa - bukukuwan sandunansu, kuma m makamai.

Mafi kusa ga shugabannin zamantakewa kungiyoyin

Bi ne shugabannin zamantakewa sikelin sojoji shagaltar. Su binne mutum, ko kasa da gagarumin, amma kuma rife tare da dukan abubuwan da suke bukata a cikin kasar da matattu. Wannan daban-daban da makamai - da tagulla, da na dutse da gatura, wukake da kuma duwatsu arrowheads.

Oddly, amma a cikin tsohon kwana, rabu da mu da fiye da hudu shekara dubu, da adadin galihu mutane damu sana'a suna sanya karusai. Lokacin da wani maigida ya rasu, shi ma binne shi tare dukan karrama - yaba a cikin wadanda shekarunsu na aiki mutum.

kaburbura limaman

A wuri na musamman a cikin kaburbura rike kaburbura, da firistoci, su ne mafi yawa, amma sosai rufaffiyar caste. Gaskiyar cewa ragowar kasance a memba na wannan musamman zamantakewa kungiyar, saku shaidar da siffar kansa ya ragargaje. Gaskiyar cewa nan gaba firistoci shirya su gudanar da wani daraja manufa a farkon zamanin rayuwa. Ko da a cikin jariri su daura up m shugaban bandeji, abu zuwa mahaukaci ci gaban da kwanyar ƙasũsuwa. A sakamakon haka, a kan lokaci, firistocin suka ɗauki kamannin wani kankana kai, cewa ne wata ãyã daga elitism.

Wadannan kaburbura aka samu, yafi articles ga addini - frypot tare da ci hadaya, kuma daban-daban da turare, da sanya a cikin nau'i na bowls a kan kafafu, kuma an rufe shi da arziki ornamentation. Wadannan kaburbura yawa, na farko catacomb al'adun Arewa Black Sea.

Kamance da kuma bambance-bambance da jana'izar ibãdar

A zamanin yau, akwai mutane da yawa Monuments, wanda aka bari a baya a catacomb al'adu. Mafi yawansu da aka samu a yankin mikawa daga Lower Danube da Volga. All halin da janar Hanyar binne, a cikin abin da marigayin da aka sanya a cikin wani masallaci a cikin wani reshe daga shigar shaft. Amma da kamance a mafi yawan lokuta, kuma ya ƙare, kamar yadda kowace al'umma zaune a wani musamman yankin, an halin da jana'izar gado da kuma ibada.

A wasu lokuta, kaburbura trepan kokon cika tare da cakuda lãka, kuma ocher, kazalika da ƙasũsuwa marigayin da aka samu, a nade a cikin shuka mai tushe. A wasu kaburbura ramin idon na kokon cika tare da canza launin lãka. Mun ya sami kuma ware kabari, inda daya gado skeletons na maza da kuma mata da aka sanya, kamar yadda idan suka so su zama rabuwa ko bayan mutuwa.

Details daga cikin jana'izar al'ada

Tun da Catacomb al'ada - shi ne, na farko, da kama daga qasashe daban-daban a cikin tsari na binne mamaci, sa'an nan, kammala labarin, tattauna wannan a more daki-daki. Jigon da al'ada ya kamar haka: dangi marigayin, kafin yayyafa tudun, digging a cikin ƙasa zurfin rectangular rami, don tallafa a lõkacin saukarsa a cikinsa, a gefuna matakai ko saukarwa ba. Sa'an nan kuma, a kan kasa na shaft haƙa kwance nassi, bayan da shirya binne jam'iyya-catacomb.

Marigayin da aka sanya a can a kan wani musamman gado, ba shi da wani crouched hali kamã da matsayin da tayin a cikin mahaifa. Idan marigayin mutum ta iyali samu damar samar da kayan abubuwa ya bukatar ya zauna a cikin ƙasa na mutu, sai suka kuma gudummawar da binne jam'iyya. Bayan wannan labari a cikin shi rufe dutse slab ko rajistan ayyukan. Sa'an nan kuma ya zama dukiya marigayin abada.