Cikakkar sifili: tarihin samu da kuma aikace-aikace na asali

Jiki manufar "cikakkar sifili" ne to kimiyyar zamani yana da muhimmanci sosai: shi ne a hankali nasaba da ra'ayi kamar jejjerawa, da bude daga abin da ya halitta a furor a rabi na biyu na karni na ashirin.

Don gane da abin da yake cikakkar sifili, koma zuwa waɗannan ayyukansu sun shahara lissafin kimiyya, kamar yadda G. Fahrenheit, Celsius, A., J. Gay-Lussac da kuma William Thomson. Sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin halittar amfani da har yanzu babban zazzabi ma'auni.

Da farko ya zazzabi sikelin samarwa a 1714, Jamus likita G. Fahrenheit. Kamar wancan ga cikakkar sifili, wato, da mafi ƙasƙanci batu na sikelin, zazzabi daga cikin cakuda da aka dauka, wanda ya hada da dusar ƙanƙara da ammonia. A gaba muhimmanci factor shi ne al'ada jikin mutum zazzabi, wanda ya daidai da 1000. Haka kuma, kowane rabo daga cikin sikelin da ake kira "digiri Fahrenheit" da kuma sikelin kanta - "Fahrenheit."

Bayan shekaru 30 da Swedish falakin A. Celsius samarwa zazzabi sikelin inda asali dige zama kankara narkewa zafin jiki da kuma tafasar batu na ruwa. Wannan sikelin da aka mai suna "Celsius", shi ne har yanzu rare a mafi yawan kasashen na duniya, ciki har da a Rasha.

A 1802 shekara, swiping ya shahara gwaje-gwajen, Faransa masanin kimiyya J. Gay Lussac samu cewa girma taro na gas a gaba da matsa lamba ne kai tsaye dogara a kan zazzabi. Amma mafi ban sha'awa shi ne cewa a lokacin da zafin jiki ne 10 centigrade, da adadin gas ƙaruwa ko tayi ta wannan adadin. Yin da zama dole lissafin, Gay-Lussac tarar, cewa wannan darajar ne daidai 1/273 na girma na gas a zazzabi na 0C.

Daga wannan dokar bi cikar ne cewa da yawan zafin jiki ne daidai -2730S ne mafi ƙasƙanci da zazzabi, har zuwa wani kusa, ba shi yiwuwa a cimma. An wannan zafin jiki ne ake kira "cikakkiyar sifili."

Bugu da ƙari, cikin cikakkar sifili ya masomin samar da cikakken zazzabi sikelin, aiki hallara a wanda ya dauki Birtaniya likita William Thomson, wanda kuma aka sani a matsayin Ubangiji Kelvin.

Ya primary bincike damu da tabbacin cewa babu jiki a cikin yanayi, ba za a iya sanyaya ƙananan fiye da cikakkar sifili. Duk da haka, ya yi amfani da na biyu ka'idar Thermodynamics, saboda haka, ya gabatar da su a 1848, da cikakkar zazzabi sikelin zama da aka sani thermodynamic ko "Kelvin sikelin."

A cikin wadannan shekaru da kuma shekarun da suka gabata da shi ya faru ne kawai na lamba jaddadawa da manufar "cikakkar sifili", wanda bayan yawa approvals aka dauke daidai -273,150S.

Ya kamata kuma a lura da cewa cikakkar sifili taka sosai muhimmiyar rawa a cikin SI tsarin. The abu ne cewa, a shekarar 1960, a gaba General taron a kan ma'aunin nauyi da kuma Matakan Unit na thermodynamic zazzabi - Kelvin - ya zama daya daga cikin shida babban raka'a ji. Kamar wancan ne musamman da doka cewa daya mataki Kelvin numerically daidaita daya mataki na Celsius, sai dai cewa "Kelvin" reference ma'ana yana dauke su cikakkar sifili, Ina nufin -273,150S.

Basic jiki ya nuna mai cikakken sifili kunshi a gaskiyar cewa, bisa ga ka'idojin kimiyyar lissafi, a wannan zafin jiki da samar da makamashi na motsi na na farko barbashi kamar kwayoyin zarra da kwayoyin ne ya daidaita da sifili, kuma a wannan yanayin to dakatar da wani bazuwar tashin daga cikin wadannan guda barbashi. A zazzabi na cikakkar sifili, kwayoyin zarra da kwayoyin da ya dauki wani sarari matsayi a cikin babban wuraren da crystal raga, kafa da umarnin tsarin.

A halin yanzu, amfani da musamman kayan aiki, da masu bincike sun iya samun yawan zafin jiki na kawai 'yan ppm fi cikakkar sifili. Don isa wannan girma jiki ba zai yiwu ba saboda da sama-aka bayyana a ka'idar Thermodynamics ta biyu.