Description na Hagia Sophia a Konstantinoful. A tarihin wani fitacciyar Byzantine gine

Wannan grandiose gine-gine da tsarin a kan bankunan na Bosphorus a kowace shekara janyo hankalin masu yawa yawon bude ido da kuma mahajjata daga kasashen da dama kuma daban-daban nahiyoyi. Kore ta su sani da cewa mai sauki bayanin irin Hagia Sophia a Konstantinoful daga makaranta tarihin littafi ba ya bayar da cikakken hoto na wannan fice abin tunawa daga al'adu na zamanin d duniya. Yana dole ne a gani da idanunka a kalla sau daya a rayuwarsu.

Na zamanin d tarihi

Ko da ya fi cikakken bayanin irin Hagia Sophia a Konstantinoful ba samar da cikar fahimtar wannan gine-gine da sabon abu. Ba tare da wani m bincike na maye na dazamani, ta hanyar abin da yake da shi ya auku, abu ne mai wuya ga ci gane muhimmancin wannan wuri. Kafin ya bayyana a gare mu a cikin wannan yanayin a cikin abin da za a iya gani a yau da yawon bude ido, da ruwa da yawa ya malalo.

A Cathedral aka asali gina a matsayin wata alama daga cikin mafi girma na ruhaniya Rum, wani sabon Kirista ikon, wanda ya tashi a kan kango na zamanin d Roma a cikin karni na hudu AD. Amma da labarin da Hagia Sophia a Konstantinoful fara tun kafin rushewar Roman Empire cikin yammacin da kuma gabashin sassa. Mafi yawa daga wannan birni, located a kan wani yana kokarin muhimmanci iyaka tsakanin Turai da kuma Asiya, da muke bukata da wani iko alama ce na ruhaniya da kuma wayewa yawa. Sarkin sarakuna Konstantin na Veliky gane wannan kamar wani. Kuma kawai a cikin ikon da monarch ya zuwa za a fara yi daga wannan grand tsarin, wanda bai da analogues a cikin tarihin duniya. Kwanan wata na harsashin Haikalin har abada hade da sunan da kuma tsawon zamanin mulkin sarki. Ko da yake ainihin mawallafa na babban coci akwai wasu mutane da suka rayu da yawa daga baya, a lokacin mulkin sarkin Justinian. Daga tarihi kafofin mu san sunan wadannan biyu mafi muhimmanci gine-ginen ya zamanin. Wannan Greek gine-ginen Anfimov Trallsky da Isidore na Militas. Yana da su, wanda ya wallafa biyu aikin injiniya da kuma yi, kazalika da m ɓangare na wannan gine-gine da zane.

Yadda za a gina Haikalin

Description na St. Sophia Cathedral a Konstantinoful, nazarin ta gine-gine da fasali da kuma yi masa manzilõli, babu makawa zai kai ga ƙarasawa da cewa, ainihin shirin na ta yi ƙwarai canza a ƙarƙashin rinjayar daban-daban siyasa da tattalin arziki yanayi. Facilities wannan sikelin a cikin Roman Empire har da shi ba.

Historical kafofin bayyana cewa ranar kafuwar babban coci - 324 shekaru daga haihuwar Yesu Kristi. Amma abin da muka gani a yau ya fara gina game da ƙarni biyu bayan da kwanan wata. Daga karni na hudu gine-gine, wanda ya kafa wanda ya Konstantin na Veliky, yanzu kiyaye kawai harsãshensa, kuma wasu gine-gine da, niƙaƙƙun gaɓãɓuwa. Abin da yake a kan site na yanzu St. Sophia Cathedral, aka sani da Basilica na Constantine da Basilica na Theodosius. Kafin dokoki a tsakiyar shida karni, da Sarkin sarakuna Justinian da wani aiki to kafa wani sabon abu da kuma taba gani a gaban. The gaske mai ban mamaki cewa grandiose yi na babban coci dade kawai shekaru biyar, daga 532 537 shekara. A daidai wannan lokaci da yi aiki fiye da dubu goma ma'aikata tara daga ko'ina cikin daular. A kan gaba daga cikin Bosphorus ga wannan tsĩrar da ake bukata a cikin adadin mafi kyau iri na marmara daga Girka. Kudi domin gina da Sarkin sarakuna Justinian kare saboda gina ba kawai wata alama ce da yawa daga cikin jihar daga cikin Eastern Roman Empire, amma kuma da haikali ga ɗaukakar Ubangiji. Ya yi wani sashe a ko'ina cikin duniya da haske da bangaskiyar Kirista.

Daga tarihi kafofin

Description na Hagia Sophia a Konstantinoful za a iya samu a cikin farkon tarihi na kotu na Byzantine chroniclers. Daga cikin wadannan, shi ne bayyana a fili cewa Sahaban sanya wani kafu daram ra'ayi na girma da ɗaukaka na wannan gini.

Mutane da yawa sun gaskata cewa ba shi yiwuwa a gina wani babban coci ba tare da kai tsaye baki na allahntaka sojojin. Babban Dome na cikin mafi girma da Kirista haikali na zamanin da duniya ya bayyane daga nesa duk seafarers a cikin Tekun Marmara, gabatowa da Bosphorus. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai shiryuwa, kuma wanda ya kasance mafi ruhaniya da kuma m muhimmanci. Saboda haka shi aka asali nufin: Byzantine majami'u sun ga husufi su girma duk da cewa gina up to su.

Cathedral Interior

A] aukacin abun da ke ciki na cikin Haikali sarari ne batun da dokoki na fasali. Wannan manufa ta kasance mafi muhimmanci tukuna a zamanin d Haikali gine. Amma a Zangon da matakin wasan kwaikwayo ciki Haikali Sophia a Konstantinoful nisa ya wuce duk wani abin da ya gina up zuwa gare shi. Wannan ne aiki sa kafin gine-ginen da magina da Sarkin sarakuna Justinian. Nufinsa daga birane da yawa na daular gama Haikali ginshikan suke shirye da za a tsĩrar, da kuma sauran gine-gine da abubuwa dauka daga pre-data kasance tsoho gine-gine. Na musamman wahala ne ƙarshe na Dome. A grand babban Dome da goyan bayan wani arched colonnade da arba'in taga takware, samar da sama lighting a duk sarari na cikin Haikali. Great kula sallami bagaden na babban coci, a da ado ciyar da wani gagarumin adadin zinariya, da azurfa, da hauren giwa. Bisa ga Byzantine historiography da kuma na zamani kimomi da masana, kawai da Sarkin sarakuna Justinian a cikin ciki na babban coci ya ciyar da dama shekara-shekara kasafin kudi na kasar. A cikin kishi da ya so ya doke Tsohon Alkawari Sarki Sulemanu Haikali a Urushalima vozdvignuvshego. Wadannan kalmomi na sarki ta kotu, aka rubuta ta hanyar chroniclers. Kuma akwai kowane dalili ya yi imani da cewa Sarkin sarakuna Justinian nasara a ya nufi.

Byzantine style

Sophia Cathedral, wani photo na wanda yanzu ado da promotional kayayyakin da yawa yawon shakatawa hukumomin, shi ne classic embodiment na sarki Byzantine style a gine. Wannan salon shi ne sauƙin recognizable. Ya monumental girma shi lalle ya koma zuwa ga mafi kyau hadisai na na sarki Roma da kuma Greek tsufa, amma ya gauraye da wannan gine da wani abu dabam ne kawai zai yiwu ba.

Byzantine majami'u za a iya sauƙi gano a wani babba nesa daga tarihi Rum. Wannan layi na Haikalin gine da kuma a yau ne marinjãya gine-gine style cikin, inda tarihi ya mamaye da Orthodox reshe na duniya da Kristanci. Wadannan Tsarin suna halin da m Dome kan tsakiyar ɓangare na kammala ginin da kuma wani arched colonnade a ƙasa. Gine-gine da siffofin da wannan salon aiki fita domin ƙarni, kuma sun zama wani ɓangare na Rasha coci gine. Yau, ba ko duk gane cewa tushen shi ne located a kan gaba na Bosphorus.

musamman mosaics

Duniya gane litattafansu na zane-zane, sun zama gumaka da mosaic murals daga cikin ganuwar St. Sophia Cathedral. A cikin compositional tsarin sauƙi bayyane Roman kuma Greek Canon na alfarma da zanen.

Frescoes na Hagia Sophia gina up kan ƙarni biyu. Sama da su, da dama da al'ummomi daga shugabanninmu da wani yawa icon zanen makarantu. Mosaic dabara kanta tana da yawa fiye da nagartaccen fasahar idan aka kwatanta da na gargajiya tempera zanen a kan rigar plaster. Duk abubuwa daga cikin mosaic murals halitta da artists don su kadai zuwa wasu sharudda, wanda ba za a uninitiated. Yana da aka jinkirin da tsada sosai, amma da nufin zuwa ciki Ruhu Mai Sophia Byzantine sarakuna bai yi nadama. Akwai babu inda hanzarta Masters, saboda abin da suka halitta, ya tsira ga ƙarni da dama. A musamman kalubale a cikin halittar mosaic murals halitta da tsawo daga cikin ganuwar da kuma rufin abubuwa na babban coci. A viewer aka tilasta ganin Figures tsarkaka a cikin hadaddun yiwuwa raguwa. Byzantine painters kasance na farko da a cikin tarihi na duniya art, wanda ya yi la'akari da wannan factor. Kafin su irin wannan kwarewa da babu wanda kuma ya. Kuma tare da aiki suke abar kulawa da mayalwaci, da shi za a iya tabbatar da yanzu da yawa dubban masu yawon bude ido da kuma mahajjata suka shekara ziyarci Cathedral of St. Sophia a Istanbul.

A dogon lokacin na mulkin Ottoman, Byzantine mosaics a kan ganuwar da coci da aka shafe da wani Layer na plaster. Amma bayan da sabuntawa aikin da za'ayi a cikin thirties na karni na ashirin, da suka bayyana a gaban kusan m. Kuma a yau, da Haikalin St. Sophia, baƙi za su iya tsayar da Byzantine frescoes depicting da Almasihu da kuma Budurwa Maryamu cike da koyaswa ambato samu calligraphic Surori daga Kur'ani.

Gãdon Musulunci lokaci a cikin tarihi na babban coci restorers kuma bi da tare da girmamawa. Yana da muhimmanci a lura da cewa wasu Orthodox tsarkaka a kan mosaic fresco painters ya ba da hoto kama da mulki wadanada da kuma sauran m mutane na zamaninsa. A cikin wadannan ƙarni, wannan yi zai zama kowa a gina Cathedrals Katolika Cathedrals a cikin manyan biranen na na da Turai.

babban coci vaults

Sophia Cathedral, wanda hotuna da ake dauka daga cikin bankunan na Bosphorus yawon bude ido, ta halayyar silhouette samu ba kalla saboda da kammala grand cupola. The Dome kanta tana da mun gwada low tsawo a m diamita. Irin wannan wani rabo daga rabbai a nan gaba zai sauka a cikin gine-gine da Canon na Byzantine style. Tsayinsa daga kafuwar matakin - 51 mita. Ya zarce a size kawai ga Renaissance, a yi daga cikin shahararrun Cathedral of St. Bitrus a Roma.

A expressiveness na Jikin St. Sophia Cathedral ba biyu hemispherical Dome, located a kan yamma da kuma gabas da babban Dome. Its siffar da kuma gine-gine da abubuwa aka maimaita, kuma shi kullum halitta guda sa na abun da ke ciki babban coci. Duk wadannan gine-gine samu daga zamanin d Rum daga baya amfani da sau da dama a coci gine-gine, a gina Cathedrals a biranen na da Turai, sa'an nan a ko'ina cikin duniya. A cikin Rasha Empire, da Byzantine Dome na Hagia Sophia, iske sosai a fili nuna a cikin gine-gine da bayyanar da Kronstadt Sojan Ruwa Cathedral a Kronstadt. Kazalika da shahara Haikali a kan bankunan na Bosporus, dole ne ya zama a bayyane daga teku duk matuƙan gabatowa da babban birnin kasar, NUNA da yawa daga cikin daular.

A karshen Byzantine Empire

Kamar yadda aka sani, wani daular kai ta Zenith, sa'an nan kuma motsa a cikin shugabanci na wulakanci da ƙi. Ban wuce wannan rabo, da kuma Rum. Eastern Roman Empire rushe a tsakiyar karni na sha biyar a karkashin nauyin da kansa ciki saba wa juna, kuma a karkashin kara matsin lamba daga waje makiya. Kwanan nan, wani Kirista sabis a Cathedral of St. Sophia a Konstantinoful, da aka gudanar ranar 29 ga Mayu, 1453. Wannan shi ne na karshe rana domin Byzantine babban birnin kasar kanta. Wanda dade kusan shekara dubu da daular aka ci a wannan rana da mãsu alãma daga cikin Turkawan daular Usmaniyya. Daina wanzuwa da Konstantinoful. Yanzu yana da Istanbul, domin da dama ƙarni da shi shi ne babban birnin kasar na Ottoman Empire. Marinjaya birnin garzaya zuwa Haikali a lokacin sujada, gilla a karkashe su karkashẽwa dake akwai, da kuma damƙar washe dukiyar da take cikin babban coci. Amma da Turkawan daular Usmaniyya ya hallaka ginin kanta ba za - Kirista haikalin da aka qaddara domin ya zama wani masallaci. Wannan shã'aninku iya ba zai shafi external bayyanar da wani Byzantine babban coci.

The Dome, da minarets

Lokacin daular Ottoman bayyanar da Haikalin alfarma Sofia ya halartar gagarumin canje-canje. Istanbul da samun da ta dace babban birnin matsayi babban masallaci. Wanzu a cikin karni na sha biyar coci gini a layi tare da wannan manufa shi ne ba yana nufin m. Sallah a cikin masallaci dole ne a sanya a cikin shugabanci na Makka, yayin da Orthodox coci bagaden da aka daidaitacce zuwa gabas. Turkawan daular Usmaniyya da za'ayi da maimaitawa na Haikalin samu a gare su - gina wani m buttresses to tarihi ginin don ƙarfafa load-hali ganuwar da kuma gina hudu manyan minarets daidai da canons Musulunci. Saint Sophia Cathedral a Istanbul aka mai suna a masallaci Hagia Sophia. A kudu maso gabashin ɓangare na ciki aka gina mihrab haka addu'a Musulmi dole ne a sanya a wani kwana da axis na ginin, da barin hagu bagaden Haikalin. Bugu da kari, ganuwar da babban coci da aka shafe tare da gumaka. Amma yana yiwuwa ya mayar da karni na sha tara, kwarai zanen da haikalin katangu. Suna da kyau kiyaye karkashin wani Layer na da farar ƙasa. Saint Sophia Cathedral a birnin Istanbul ne na musamman da cewa a cikin external bayyanar da ciki abinda ke ciki na intricately lauye al'adunmu na biyu mai girma al'adu da biyu addinai na duniya - Orthodox Kristanci, da kuma Musulunci.

Hagia Sophia Museum

A 1935 ginin masallaci Hagia Sophia aka samu daga category na sadaukarwa. Wannan zai bukatar musamman umurnin da shugaban kasar Turkey , Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Wannan m mataki zai sa kawo karshen pretensions na tarihi gini na wakilan addinai daban daban da kuma addinai. The shugaban na Turkey ma zai iya nuna su nesa daga dukan clerical da'irori.

Daga jihar kasafin kudin da aka kudi da za'ayi a maido aiki a kan tarihi da ginin da kuma yankin a kusa da shi. Don shirya da ake bukata domin liyafar na babban kwarara daga yawon bude ido daga kasashe daban-daban. A halin yanzu, da Cathedral of St. Sophia a Istanbul ne daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci al'adu da tarihi da jan hankali na Turkey. A shekarar 1985, cikin Haikalin da aka jera a UNESCO Duniya Heritage Site matsayin daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci abu abubuwa a cikin tarihi na wayewar dan adam. Samun wannan jan hankali a birnin Istanbul ne mai sauqi qwarai - shi ne dake a cikin babbar yanki na Sultanahmet da bayyane daga nesa.