Dzhon Dalton - English masanin kimiyya-wagon na XVIII karni

Ƙayyade daya kawai kimiyya sana'a, to wanda za a iya dangana Dzhon Dalton, shi ne wuya. Daya daga cikin mafi daraja da kuma rarrabe malaman lokacinsa, wani likita, mai sunadarai, meteorologist. Aka sani na ayyukan da ya yi kishin harshen Turanci. Ya farko karatu da lahani na launi hangen nesa, wanda ya kuma wanda aka daga baya ake kira da sunan ta - colorblind.

Malam-sanar da

Universalism ya kimiyya ideas kuma bambancin na bincike da bukatun za a iya partially bayyana ta wurin rashin m ilimi a wani musamman filin. Dzhon Dalton aka haife Satumba 6, 1766 a garin Iglsfilde, County Kimberlend arewacin Ingila, a wani matalauci iyali na da dirkar. Uwãyensa sun kasance Quakers, dissenters, ƙaryatãwa dukan abin da yake da alaka da hukuma Church of England, don haka ziyarar da makarantu domin John ba zai yiwu ba.

A bukatar mu sami wani wuri shekaru, high ikon da so da neman ilimi ya kai ga wani m sakamakon. Saboda saba da John Gouhom, makafi Falsafa-malamin, ya mika shi da wani ɓangare na su ilmi da wuya kai-da ilimi, Dzhon Dalton da shekaru 12 da fara aiki a matsayin malami a yankunan karkara makaranta.

Dalton Meteorology

Dalton shi ne ya fara bazawa na aikin, wanda aka kira "meteorological lura da irin abubuwan da" (1793). Godiya ga ta, ya gana da masana kimiyya wadanda suka taimaka wajen matasa malami motsawa zuwa Manchester da kuma samun matsayi koyar da lissafi a New College. Interest a meteorology je masa ta hanyar wani idon sani da Elihu Robinson, masanan kimiyya da injiniyoyi daga garinsu Iglsfilda. Dzhon Dalton a cikin aikinsa, dauke da mutane da yawa daga cikin ra'ayoyin da ya kai shi zuwa nan gaba bude na gas dokokin, ɓullo da ka'idar da samuwar yanayi gudana, samarwa da George Headley.

A 1787, masana kimiyya ya fara ci gaba da wani dayare da yanayin lura. Dzhon Dalton, wanda biography ne sosai ban sha'awa da kuma umarni, na karshe shigarwa a cikin diary an raunanar da hannu bayan 57 shekaru. Wadannan records ne sakamakon wani binciken da na yanayi abun da ke ciki - mafi muhimmanci nasarori na Dalton a cikin sunadarai da kimiyyar lissafi. Daya daga cikin na farko da ya fara auna zafin jiki na cikin iska a daban-daban Heights, yin na yau da kullum tafiye-tafiye zuwa ga duwãtsu a cikin Lake District a arewa maso yammacin kasar.

colorblindness

Na biyu manyan aikin na kimiyyar da aka kishin philology - "Features na Turanci Grammar" (da aka buga a 1801), amma sai da hankali da aka janyo ta da kansa halayyar view dangantawa da launi hangen nesa. Bayan rai ga kimanin shekaru 35, ya gano cewa, tsinkayen launi daban fiye da mafi yawan mutane, da kuma cewa wannan siffa yana da ɗan'uwansa. Da sauri gane cewa shi ne ba kawai da rarrabuwa na launuka (launi, wanda ya kira da blue, daban-daban daga abin da wasu tunani ya), Dalton ya bayyana tunani game da Sanadin wannan sabon abu.

Tsayawa akan matsayin cewa da hereditary yanayin wannan aibi shi ne daidai, amma bayani da ido bleaching ruwa aka baya karyata. Bincike da hankali da kuma asali na tsarin kula da matsalar, wanda aka ɓullo to masana kimiyya a wata kasida mai suna "m lokuta da launi" (1794), su ne hanyar da makanta da kalmar, wanda ya tun an yi amfani da ophthalmologists.

gas ka'idar

Ability don zana karshe daga lura da gwaje-gwajen da kai ga related yankunan kimiyya - tushen da m hanya, wanda ya a master of Dzhon Dalton. Binciken a cikin sunadarai da kimiyyar lissafi, ya sanya, sukan dogara ne a kan wannan gwaje-gwajen. Daga nazarin da yanayi, koguna, forming yanayin, ya sauya zuwa binciken na interactions da gas bisa laákari da jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties - yawa, matsa lamba, da dai sauransu. A sakamakon wannan aikin a yarda da shi don yin binciken a cikin corpuscular - .. Atomic - da yanayin da abu.

Gwaje-gwajen da gas ya kai ga gano da dama Dalton muhimman hakkokin dokokin: a kan m (muhimmi ga mutum aka gyara) matsin lamba na wani gas cakuda (1801), dokar thermal fadada gas (1802) da kuma alamu na rushe gas a taya (1803). Tsayawa akan matsayin cewa da girma da bambanci na atoms constituting gas, gaban thermal ambulan okoloatomnoy yarda Dalton bayyana yanayin da fadada gas a lokacin da mai tsanani, da yadawa da kuma matsa lamba dangane da waje yanayi.

Dalton ta atomic ka'idar

A ra'ayin cewa duk abin da a cikin yanayi kunshi kankanin basa abubuwa, da aka riga aka bayyana by tsoho mawallafa. Amma shi ya Dalton ya wadannan ra'ayoyi physicality. Babban arziki da ka'idarsa kasance da dama kalamai:

• All abu abubuwa kunshi cikin karami - basa, halitta sau da barbashi - kwayoyin halitta.
• Sunadaran guda abu a taro da kuma size.
• Sunadaran daban-daban abubuwa sauye a size da kuma nauyi.
• More hadaddun barbashi abubuwa kunshi wani yawan daban-daban na kwayoyin halitta.
• The nauyi na kumshin barbashi abu daidai da Naira Miliyan Xari da talakawa da bijiro da batun kafa kwayoyin halitta.

Hankali kiyaye model na DNA, Dalton sanya na katako, beads. Manyan abin yabo da masanin kimiyyar - tunzura a cikin yi da kimiyya manufar zumunta atomic nauyi tabbatar da dalilin zarra na hydrogen matsayin kwayoyin nauyi raka'a. Atomic taro ya zama ainihin abu a gwada yawa halayyar sunadarai. Ba dukkan ra'ayoyi Dalton na atomic tsarin al'amari daidai suke saboda rashin ci gaban da janar kimiyyar lissafi, amma ka'idarsa ya yi aiki a matsayin mai iko impetus ga ilimi na zarra.

fitarwa

'Yan sun iya cimma a kimiyya fi, da ciwon irin wannan da wuya farko, kamar yadda Dzhon Dalton. Brief biography na masanin kimiyya - wani m misali na yadda arfi, kuma ƙishirwa ga ilimi ake canza rayuwar mutum. Yana ba ka damar gano hanyar zama mai karfi da hali da kuma ganin yadda ya kasance da canji da wani yãro cewa yana da wani dama na samun wani tsanani tsarin ilimi, iyayentaka imani wanda rufe hanyar zuwa jami'a, a wani kasashen duniya masanin kimiyya, memba na babbar kimiyya da kwalejojin na Turai.

'Yan misalai a cikin tarihi irin wannan wani bãwa, kusan zuhudu addini a gare kimiyya, wanda ya jagoranci Dzhon Dalton. Photo hotuna fentin da wani masanin kimiyya a lokaci na ƙarshe rayuwa, nuna wani mutum wanda ya bai wa dukan ikon methodical da kuma aiki tukuru.

Dalton ta lada da aka fitarwa na abokan aiki da kuma dalibai. The mutum-mutumi na kimiyyar da aka shigar a ƙofar Royal College of Manchester, inda ya sanar da lokacin da yake rayuwa. A nan gaba, wannan ya san ya girma a cikin wani gaske duniya daraja.