Mene ne wani organelle? Tsarin da kuma aiki na da wasu gabbansa. Wasu gabbansa da shuka cell. Wasu gabbansa da dabba Kwayoyin

Cell - shi ne matakin kungiyar na rai al'amari, mai zaman kanta nazarin halittu tsarin, wanda yana da asali halaye na dukan abubuwa masu rai. Saboda haka, zai iya ci gaba, haɓaka, motsawa, daidaitawa da canji. Bugu da ƙari, dukkanin kwayoyin suna halin da ake amfani da shi a cikin wani yanayi, tsarin da aka tsara, da tsarin tsarin da ayyuka.

Kimiyya, wanda ke hulɗar da binciken kwayoyin, shine cytology. Maganarta ita ce sassan nau'i na dabbobi da tsire-tsire iri iri, kwayoyin halitta guda daya - kwayoyin halitta, protozoa da algae, wadanda suka kunshi sel daya.

Idan mukayi magana game da rukuni na rukuni na kwayoyin halittu, sun hada da harsashi da tsakiya da nucleolus. Har ila yau a cikin abun da suke ciki shine kwayoyin cell, cytoplasm. A halin yanzu, ana amfani da hanyoyi masu yawa na bincike, amma mahimman abu ne mai amfani da microscopy, wanda ke ba da izinin nazarin tsarin kwayoyin halitta da kuma binciken abubuwan da suka dace.

Mene ne kwayar halitta?

Organoids (sune ake kira organelles) su ne abubuwan da suka kasance na gaba ɗaya na kowane tantanin halitta wanda ya sa shi cikakke kuma ya aikata wasu ayyuka. Waɗannan su ne ginshiƙan da suke da mahimmanci don kiyaye ayyukansa.

Organoids sun hada da tsakiya, lysosomes, reticulum endoplasmic da Golgi gine-gine, vacuoles da vesicles, mitochondria, ribosomes, da kuma cibiyar cell (centrosome). Wannan kuma ya haɗa da sassan da ke samar da kwayoyin cytoskeleton (microtubules da microfilaments), melanosomes. Bambanci shine wajibi ne don rarraba motsi na motsi. Wadannan su ne alaƙa, flagella, myofibrils da pseudopods.

Duk waɗannan sifofi suna haɗuwa kuma suna tabbatar da aikin hadewa na sel. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa tambaya ta ce: "Mene ne mai ban sha'awa?" - Zaka iya amsa cewa wannan bangaren ne wanda za'a iya daidaita shi zuwa ga kwayoyin kwayoyin halitta.

Ƙayyadewa na kwayoyin halitta

Sel suna bambanta da girman da siffar, da kuma ayyukansu, amma suna da tsarin sunadarai irin wannan da ka'idodi ɗaya na kungiyar. Bugu da} ari, tambaya game da irin abinda ake yi, da kuma irin wa] annan gine-ginen, shi ne ya zama mai gardama. Alal misali, lysosomes ko vacuoles wani lokaci ba sa cikin kwayoyin cellular.

Idan mukayi magana game da rarraba waɗannan ƙwayoyin cell, to, nemembrannye da membrane organoids an ware. Nemembrannye - cibiyar salula da ribosomes. Ƙungiyoyin motsa jiki (microtubules da microfilaments) kuma ba su da membranes.

A zuciyar tsarin tsarin membrane shine gaban wani membrane na halitta. Ɗaurarren membrane da membrane-membrane suna da harsashi tare da tsari guda ɗaya, wanda ya ƙunshi nau'i na biyu na phospholipids da kwayoyin sunadarai. Yana rabuwa da cytoplasm daga yanayin waje, yana taimaka wa tantanin halitta don kiyaye siffarta. Yana da daraja ambaton cewa a cikin shuka Kwayoyin a Bugu da kari ga membrane har yanzu akwai kuma m cellulose casing, da ake kira cell bango. Yana aiwatar da aikin tallafi.

Kwayoyin sakonni sun hada da EPS, lysosomes da mitochondria, da lysosomes da plastids. Maƙalinsu zai iya bambanta kawai a cikin saitin sunadaran.

Idan mukayi magana game da ƙarfin aiki na kwayoyin, wasu daga cikinsu suna iya tara wasu abubuwa. Saboda haka, muhimmin mahimmancin kira shine mitochondria, wanda aka kafa ATP. Ribosomes, plastids (chloroplasts) da wani tsauraran tsaka-tsalle masu tsayi suna da alhakin kira sunadarin sunadarai, mai sassaucin EPS - domin kira na lipids da carbohydrates.

Yi la'akari da tsari da ayyuka na kayan aiki a cikin dalla-dalla.

Kernel

Wannan tsarin yana da muhimmiyar mahimmanci, saboda lokacin da aka kawar da kwayoyin sun dakatar da aiki kuma su mutu.

Maganin yana da membrane guda biyu, wanda akwai pores da yawa. Tare da taimako daga gare su, an danganta shi da haɗin gwiwar ƙaddamarwa da kuma cytoplasm. Wannan kwayar ta ƙunshi chromatin - chromosomes, waxanda suke da hadaddun sunadaran da DNA. Idan aka ba wannan, zamu iya cewa shi ne kwayar halitta wadda ke da alhakin kiyaye yawancin kwayar halitta.

Rashin ruwa na tsakiya shine ake kira karyoplasm. Ya ƙunshi samfurori na muhimmancin aikin fasahar nukiliya. Yankin mafi girma shine nucleolus, wanda ya ƙunshi ribosomes, sunadaran hadaddun da RNA, da phosphates na potassium, magnesium, zinc, ƙarfe da alli. Nucleolus vuya kafin cell division , kuma an kafa sake a karshe matakai na aiwatar.

Tsarin halitta na ƙarshen (reticulum)

EPS ne ƙirar fata guda. Ya kasance rabin rabi na tantanin halitta kuma yana kunshe da tubules da rassan da suke haɗi tare, da kuma jikin membran cytoplasmic da harsashi na tsakiya na tsakiya. Rubutun wannan nau'i na da nau'in tsari kamar ƙwayar cutar. Wannan tsari ya kasance cikakke kuma baya buɗewa cikin cytoplasm.

Tsarin ginin endoplasmic yana da laushi kuma mai tsabta (m). An sanya ribosomes a cikin harsashi na ciki na EPS granular, wanda ake kira sunadarai. A gefen suturar ƙaddarar endoplasmic ne babu ribosomes, amma a nan an yi kira na carbohydrates da fats.

Dukkan abubuwa da suke samarwa a cikin reticulum endoplasmic ana daukar su ta hanyar tsarin tubules da tubules zuwa wuraren da suke tara kuma daga bisani ana amfani da su a cikin matakai daban-daban.

Dangane da haɓakawar EPS, sashen ƙidodin roughened yana cikin sel wanda babban aikin shine samin sunadarin sunadarai, da kuma sassaucin aiki a cikin kwayoyin da ke tattare da carbohydrates da fats. Bugu da ƙari, ana tattare da ions mai yaduwa a cikin suturar ƙwallon ƙaƙa, wanda ya zama dole don aiki na al'ada ko kwayoyin halitta.

Ya kamata a lura cewa EPS shine wurin Golgi.

Lysosomes, ayyukansu

Lysosomes su ne masu amfani da salula, waɗanda wakiltar kwayoyin halitta guda daya suke wakiltar su tare da mahaukaciyar ruwa da proteins, lipases da nuclease). Abinda ke ciki na lysosomes yana da wani nau'i na acidic. Membranes daga cikin wadannan tarbiyoyin suna ware su daga cytoplasm, suna hana lalata sauran sifofi na sel. Lokacin da aka saki enzymes na lysosome zuwa cikin cytoplasm, lalacewar kansu na tantanin halitta yana faruwa - autolysis.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa an hada da enzymes a kan wani reticulum mai tsauri, bayan haka an canja su zuwa ga Golgi. A nan sunyi gyare-gyare, an saka su cikin membrane vesicles kuma sun fara rarraba, suna zama masu zaman kansu na tantanin halitta - lysosomes, waɗanda suke na farko da na sakandare.

Lysosomes na farko sune siffofi da suka bambanta daga kayan Golgi, da kuma sakandare (digestive vacuoles) sune wadanda ke haifar da haɗuwa da lysosomes na farko da endocytosis vacuoles.

Idan aka ba da irin wannan tsari da ƙungiyar, yana yiwuwa ya rabu da manyan ayyukan lysosomes:

• Sauke abubuwa daban-daban a tantanin halitta;
• Rushewar tsarin salon salula wanda ba a buƙata;
• Kasancewa a cikin tsarin tafiyar da tantancewar salula.

Vacuoles

Kasashen sararin samaniya sune nau'i-nau'i nau'i-nau'i na siffar siffar fuka-fuka, wanda shine tafki na ruwa da kuma kwayoyin halitta da marasa magunguna wanda aka narkar da shi. Tsarin waɗannan sassa ya haɗa da kayan Golgi da EPS.

Akwai 'yan' yan kwalliya a cikin tantanin halitta. Su ƙananan ne kuma ba su da kashi 5% na ƙarar. Matsayin da suke da ita shi ne tabbatar da tafiyar da abubuwa a cikin tantanin halitta.

Vacuoles na shuka Kwayoyin suna da manyan kai har zuwa 90% na girma. A cikin tarin kwayar halitta, akwai nau'i ɗaya, wanda ke da matsayi na tsakiya. Ana kiran membrane tonoplast, kuma ana kiran abubuwan da ake kira ruwan 'ya'yan itace. Ayyukan manyan abubuwan da ake amfani da su a cikin tsire-tsire su ne tabbatar da ƙwayar jikin kwayar halitta, da tarawar kwayoyin halitta da kwayoyin halitta. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan kwayoyin halitta suna samar da ruwa da ake bukata don aiwatar da photosynthesis.

Idan mukayi magana game da abun da ke ciki na tantanin salula, to, ya haɗa da abubuwa masu zuwa:

• Tsarin - Organic acid, carbohydrates da sunadarai, amino acid daya;
• Magunguna waɗanda aka kafa a yayin rayuwar kwayar halitta da kuma tara a cikinsu (alkaloids, tannins da phenols);
• Phytoncides da phytohormones;
• Kwayoyi, saboda abin da 'ya'yan itatuwa, albarkatu na tushen da launukan launuka suna fentin a cikin launi masu dacewa.

Golgi Complex

Tsarin kayan ado wanda ake kira "Golgi na'ura" yana da sauki. A cikin tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire suna kama da kwayoyin halitta daban-daban tare da membrane, a cikin kwayoyin dabbobi da suke wakiltar su da ruwaye, tubules da blisters. Tsarin gine-gine na Golgi ya zama diktiosome, wanda aka sanya shi daga cikin "maɓuɓɓuka" 4-6 da ƙananan vesicles, waɗanda suke rabu da su kuma su ne tsarin sakon kwayar cutar, kuma zai iya zama tushen lysosomes. Adadin diktiosomes iya kewayo daga ɗaya zuwa da ɗari.

Golgi, a matsayin mulkin, yana kusa da ainihin. A cikin dabbobin dabba - kusa da cibiyar salula. Babban ayyukan wadannan kwayoyin sune:

• Rarraba da tarawar sunadarai, lipids da saccharides;
• Sauya hanyoyin mahadi na shiga Golgi;
• Wannan koganoid shine shafin kafawar lysosomes.

Ya kamata a lura cewa EPS, lysosomes, vacuoles, da kuma kayan Golgi tare sun hada da tsarin tubular-vacuolar, wanda ke raba tantanin halitta zuwa yankuna dabam tare da ayyuka masu dacewa. Bugu da kari, wannan tsarin yana samar da sabuntawa na yau da kullum na membranes.

Mitochondria su ne tashoshin lantarki

Mitochondria abu ne mai launi guda biyu, nau'in halitta ko tsinkaye wanda ya hada ATP. Bã su da wani sassauci mai tsabta da kuma jikin mutum mai ciki wanda ake kira cristae. Ya kamata a lura cewa adadin kullun a cikin mitochondria na iya bambanta dangane da bukatun tantanin halitta don makamashi. Yana kan membrane mai ciki wanda yawancin ƙwayoyin enzyme suna haɗakar adenosine triphosphate. A nan, makamashi na sha'anin sinadarin sun juya zuwa cikin kamfanoni na ATP. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin mitochondria ya rabu da albarkatun mai da kuma carbohydrates tare da sakin makamashi, wanda ya tara kuma an yi amfani dashi don ci gaba da kuma hanyoyin kirkiro.

Tsarin ciki na wadannan kwayoyin suna kiransa matrix. Ya ƙunshi DNA da RNA, kananan ribosomes. Abin sha'awa, mitochondria su ne haɓaka masu zaman kansu, don suna dogara ne akan aikin cell, amma a lokaci guda za su iya riƙe wani 'yancin kai. Sabili da haka, suna iya hada kansu sunadarai da kuma enzymes, kuma su sake haifuwa da kansu.

An yi imanin cewa mitochondria ya samo asali ne lokacin da kwayoyin prokaryotic kwayoyin suka shiga cikin tantanin tantanin halitta, wanda ya haifar da kafa wani ƙwayar alama. Saboda haka, DNA mitochondrial na da tsarin kamar DNA na kwayoyin zamani, kuma sunadarin sunadarin sunadarai a cikin kwayoyin mitochondria da kwayoyin kwayoyin cutar ta haramta su.

Plastids ne kwayoyin tantanin halitta

Plastids ne manyan manyan kwayoyin. Sun kasance kawai a cikin tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire kuma an samo su daga ƙaddararsu - nau'in halitta, dauke da DNA. Wadannan kwayoyin suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin abin da ake ciki kuma an rabu da su daga cytoplasm ta jikin mutum biyu. Bugu da ƙari, za su iya samar da tsarin da aka tsara na ciki.

Plastids ya zo cikin nau'i uku:

1. Chloroplasts sune mafi yawan nau'in roba da ke da nauyin photosynthesis, wanda aka kafa kwayoyin halitta da kuma oxygen kyauta. Wadannan sassa suna da tsari mai mahimmanci kuma suna iya motsawa cikin cytoplasm zuwa ga haske. Babban abu da ke cikin chloroplasts shine chlorophyll, ta hanyar da tsire-tsire zasu iya amfani da makamashin rana. Ya kamata a lura cewa chloroplasts kamar mitochondria su ne yankuna masu zaman kansu, tun da yake suna iya rarraba kansu da kuma kirkirar sunadaran kansu.
2. Leukoplast - rubutun da ba tare da launi ba, wanda a ƙarƙashin rinjayar haske ya juya zuwa chloroplasts. Wadannan sassan wayar salula suna dauke da enzymes. Tare da taimakonsu, glucose ya canza kuma ya tara a cikin nau'i na sitaci. A wasu tsire-tsire, waxannan robobi suna iya tara lipids ko sunadarai a cikin nau'i na lu'u-lu'u da amorphous. Yawancin leukoplasts mafi yawa sun fi mayar da hankali a cikin kwayoyin halitta na shuke-shuke.
3. Chromoplasts sune wasu nau'ikan nau'in nau'i na plastids. Suna samar da carotenoids (tare da lalata chlorophyll), waɗanda suke da launin jan, launin rawaya ko orange. Chromoplasts shine mataki na karshe na gyare-gyaren plastid. Yawancin su a cikin 'ya'yan itatuwa, petals da kaka ganye.

Ribosomes

Mene ne wani organelle kira da ribosome? Ribosomes ake kira ba membrane organelle, kunsha na biyu, niƙaƙƙun gaɓãɓuwa (ƙanana da manyan subunit). Rawanin su kimanin 20 nm ne. An samo su a cikin kowane nau'i na sel. Su ne kwayoyin halitta da dabbobi, kwayoyin halitta. Wadannan sifofin sun kasance a tsakiya, bayan haka suka shiga cikin cytoplasm, inda aka sanya su kyauta ko a haɗe su zuwa EPS. Dangane da kayan haɗin ginin, ayyukan ribosomes kadai ko hada su cikin hadaddun abubuwa, suna samar da polyribosomes. A wannan yanayin, waɗannan kwayoyin halitta ba na fata ba ne suka haɗa su da wani bayani na RNA.

Ribosome ya ƙunshi kwayoyin r-RNA guda hudu wadanda suka hada da tsarinsa, da sunadarai daban-daban. Babban aikin wannan koganoid shine tarin sarkar polypeptide, wanda shine mataki na farko da ake kira sunadarai. Wadannan sunadarin sunadarai ne wadanda aka kafa ta hanyar ribosomes na reticulum endoplasmic za'a iya amfani da su duka. Sunadarai don bukatun tantanin halitta an hada su ta hanyar ribosomes, waɗanda suke a cikin cytoplasm. Ya kamata a lura cewa ana samun ribosomes a mitochondria da plastids.

Kwayoyin Cytoskeleton

Cibiyar wayar salula ta wayar salula ne ta samo microtubules da microfilaments. Microtubules su ne ginshiƙan cylindrical tare da diamita na 24 nm. Tsawonsu shine 100 μm-1 mm. Babban bangaren shi ne gina jiki mai suna tubulin. Ba'a iya yin rikitarwa kuma colchicine zai rushe shi. Microtubules suna cikin hyaloplasm kuma suna yin ayyuka masu zuwa:

• Ƙirƙirar wani roba, amma a lokaci guda, ƙirar mai karfi wanda ya ba shi izini don riƙe siffarsa;
• Kasance cikin tsarin tsarin rarraba kwayar halitta;
• Samar da motsi na organelles;
• Ana ƙunshe a cibiyar salula, da kuma a flagella da cilia.

Microfilaments - yarns aka sanya a ƙasa da jini membrane kuma hada da gina jiki actin ko myosin. Suna iya yin kwangila, suna haifar da motsi na cytoplasm ko gurguntaccen kwayar halitta. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan haɓaka suna da hannu wajen haifar da rikitarwa a cikin sassan cell.

Cibiyar salula (centrosome)

Wannan tsarin yana kunshe da 2 centioles da centrospheres. Cibiyar ta tsakiya ita ce cylindrical. An gina ganuwar ta uku ta microtubules wanda ke haɗuwa da juna ta hanyar haɗin giciye. An shirya tsakiya a nau'i-nau'i a kusurwar dama ga juna. Ya kamata a lura cewa kwayoyin tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire suna hana waɗannan nau'o'in.

Babban muhimmancin da cell cibiyar - samar da wani ko da rarraba chromosomes a lokacin cell division. Shi ne kuma cibiyar na kungiyar na cytoskeleton.

organelle motsi

Domin gudanar da wasu gabbansa motsi cilia da flagella. Wannan kankanin growths a cikin nau'i na dankon. Flagellum 20 qunshi microtubules. Gininsa aka located a cikin cytoplasm da ake kira muhimmi jiki. flagellum tsawon shi ne 100 m ko fiye. Flagella, waxanda suke da kawai 10-20 microns, kira cilia. Zamiya microtubules na cilia da flagella ne iya oscillate, haifar da yunkuri na cell. A cytoplasm iya ƙunsar contractile fibrils, wanda ake kira myofibrils - shi da wasu gabbansa dabba Kwayoyin. Myofibrils yawanci sanya a cikin tsoka Kwayoyin - tsoka Kwayoyin, kazalika a sel da zuciya. Sun kunshi karami zaruruwa (protofibrils).

Ya kamata a lura da cewa myofibril daure kunshi duhu fiber - shi ne anisotropic fayafai, kazalika da karin bayanai - shi ne isotropic woje. Tsarin naúrar na wani myofibril - sarcomere. Wannan rabo tsakanin anisotropic da isotropic faifai wanda yana actin da myosin filaments. Tare da su gliding sarcomere rage auku, wadda take kaiwa zuwa da motsi na duk tsoka zaruruwa. Wannan yana amfani da makamashi na ATP da alli ions.

Da taimakon flagella protozoa da ma'ana motsi dabbobi. Cilia ne jiki ƙungiyoyi ciliate-takalma. A dabbobi da jikin su rufe pneumatic Airways da kuma taimaka wa rabu da lafiya particulate al'amari kamar ƙura. Bugu da kari, akwai pseudopodia wanda samar da amoeboid motsi suna cikin abubuwa na da yawa unicellular kwayoyin da dabbobi (msl, leukocytes) Kwayoyin.

Mai shuke-shuke ba zai iya motsa a sarari. Su ƙungiyoyi ne a girma, leaf ƙungiyoyi da kuma canje-canje a cikin tantanin halitta ya kwarara cytoplasm.

ƙarshe

Duk da dukan iri-iri na Kwayoyin, su duk da irin wannan tsarin da kuma shiri. Tsari da kuma aiki na da wasu gabbansa da m Properties, da tabbatar da al'ada aiki a matsayin guda cell, da kuma dukan kwayoyin.

za mu iya bayyana wannan abin kwaikwaya haka.

Table "da wasu gabbansa da eukaryotic Kwayoyin,"

organelle	shuka cell	zooblast	asali ayyuka
core	ne	ne	Adanar DNA, RNA kwafi da kuma gina jiki kira
endoplasmic reticulum	ne	ne	kira na sunadarai, lipids, kuma carbohydrates, jari na alli ions, Golgi hadaddun samuwar
mitochondria	ne	ne	ATP kira nasu enzymes da kuma sunadarai
plastids	ne	babu	shiga a cikin photosynthesis, jari na sitaci, lipids, sunadarai, carotenoids
ribosome	ne	ne	tattara da polypeptide sarkar (gina jiki kira)
microtubules da microfilaments	ne	ne	da damar da cell don kula da wasu siffar ne wani ɓangare daga cikin cell cibiyar, cilia da flagella samar da motsi na da wasu gabbansa
lysosomes	ne	ne	narkewa abubuwa a cikin cell, ya hallaka ta maras so Tsarin da hannu a cikin reorganization na sel sa autolysis
babban tsakiyar vacuole	ne	babu	Yana bayar da cell bango ƙarfin lantarki accumulates gina jiki da kuma cell sharar kayayyakin, maras tabbas, kuma phytohormones, kazalika da pigments, wani ruwa tafki
Golgi hadaddun	ne	ne	secretes da accumulates sunadarai, lipids, kuma carbohydrates, modifies da gina jiki shigar da cell, shi ne alhakin da samuwar lysosomes
cytocentrum	akwai, fãce mafi girma shuke-shuke	ne	Shi ne cibiyar kungiyar na cytoskeleton, samar da uniform chromosome fata a lokacin cell division
myofibrils	babu	ne	samar da raguwa a tsoka nama

Idan karshe, zamu iya cewa akwai bambance-bambance tsakanin qananan dabbobi da shuka Kwayoyin. A wannan yanayin da tsarin fasali da kuma wasu gabbansa (tebur nuna a bisa, ya tabbatar da shi) yana da janar kungiyar manufa. A cell ayyuka kamar yadda a hadewa da Hadakar tsarin. A wannan yanayin, da wasu gabbansa ayyuka ne juna da kuma da nufin mafi kyau duka yi da kuma rike cell viability.