Economist Milton Friedman: A Biography, ideas, rayuwa da kuma faxin

Milton Friedman - wani American tattalin arziki wanda a 1976 karbi Nobel Prize for bincike a fagen amfani, monetary tarihi da wuya na karfafawa da manufofin. Tare da George Stigler kasance wani na fasaha biyu ƙarni shugaban na Chicago School. Daga cikin dalibansa shahararren tattalin arziki kamar Geri Bekker, Robert Fogel, Ronald Kouz, Robert Lucas, Jr .. Ainihin ideas na Friedman ta damuwa monetary siyasa, haraji, da kamfanonin, deregulation jama'a da manufofin, musamman a shekarun 1980s. Monetarism ya kuma ya rinjayi da shawarar da Amurka ta Tarayya tsarin a lokacin rikicin kudi na duniya.

Brief biography Miltona Fridmana: farkon shekaru

A nan gaba masanin kimiyyar da aka haife shi a Brooklyn, daya daga cikin matalautan yankunan New York. Uwãyensa sun kasance baƙi daga Hungary. City daga abin da suka yi hijira, shi ne a yanzu a kan ƙasa na Ukraine (Beregovo a Transcarpathian yankin). Friedman iyayen da aka sayar da yadi. Jim kadan bayan haihuwar da yaro, da iyali koma birnin Rahway a New Jersey. Kamar yadda wani yaro, Friedman samu a wani hatsari, da tabo kan lebe na sama da kuma ta zauna tare da shi domin rayuwa. Ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare a 1928 da kuma sa suna a Rutgers University. The saurayi qware a ilmin lissafi da kuma tattalin arziki. Ya asali nufin zama sakatare. Duk da haka, a lokacin horo na sadu da biyu da masana kimiyya - Arthur Burns da kuma Homer Jones, da suka rarrashi shi da cewa tattalin arzikin zai iya taimaka wajen jan ragamar duniya daga babban mawuyacin.

Bayan samun digiri, ya miƙa biyu zumuncin a cikin ilmin lissafi a Brown da kuma tattalin arziki a Chicago. Friedman ya zaɓi karshen, da kuma samu wani Master of Arts digiri a 1933. Ya views rinjayi Dzheykob Viner, Frank Nayt da Henry Simons. Akwai ya sadu da nan gaba matar, Rose. Sa'an nan, ya yi karatu statistics karkashin jagorancin sanannen tattalin arziki Harold Hotelling kuma yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin Genri Shultsa. A Jami'ar Chicago, Friedman ya gana da biyu daga cikin mafi kyau abokai - George Stigler da kuma Allen Wallis.

jama'a sabis

Bayan kammala karatu daga na farko Friedmann ba zai iya samun aiki koyarwa. Saboda haka ya yanke shawarar zuwa Washington tare da abokinsa Allen Wallis, inda Roosevelt ya kawai ya fara zuwa gane "New Deal". Friedman daga baya ƙarasa da cewa duk masu jihar baki "m kwayoyi daga azzãlumai cuta." A 1935, ya yi aiki a National Resources kwamitin, wanda da farko ya fara tunani game da fassarar amfani aiki. Friedman sa'an nan Ya daidaitu zuwa hukumar tattalin arziki Research. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin Simon Kuznets.

A 1940, Friedman ya farfesa, a Jami'ar Wisconsin, amma ya koma zuwa ga jama'a sabis saboda anti-Semitism. Ya yi aiki a kan soja haraji siyasa na Gwamnatin Tarayya a matsayin mai ba da shawara. A wajibi ya bayar da shawarar da Keynesian jihar baki a cikin tattalin arzikin kasar.

Career da kuma nasarori

Milton Friedman ya mai ba da shawara ga shugaban kasar Amurka daga jam'iyyar Republican na Ronald Reagan da kuma Birtaniya Conservative firaministan kasar Margaret Thatcher. Da siyasa falsafa extolled cikin falalan da free kasuwar tare da kadan gwamnatin sa baki. Da zarar Friedman ya lura da cewa ya gan mafi girma da nasara kawar conscription a Amurka. A lokacin rayuwarsa ya rubuta wani yawan monographs, littattafai, articles a mujallar kimiyya da kuma jaridu, wani bako na talabijin shirye-shirye, da kuma ya lectured a daban-daban jami'o'i. Aikinsa ya kasance rare ba kawai a Amurka da Birtaniya, amma kuma a cikin gurguzu kasashen. A mujallar "The Economist" kira shi da mafi m tattalin arziki na biyu da rabi na karni na 20th, da kuma watakila karni. Duk da yake wasu zaben ba dabino to John Maynard Keynes.

tattalin arziki views

Milton Friedman ne mafi kyau a san for jawo hankali ga kudi wadata. Monetarism - shi ne mai sa na views cewa suna da dangantaka da yawa ka'idar. Its burbushi za a iya samu a cikin 16th karni. Tare da cũtar Shvarts Fridman rubuta wani littafi da ake kira "A lamuni Tarihi na United States of America, 1867-1960 (1963)." Mahara komawa da baya da ƙididdiga ta tabbatar da primacy na kudi wadata don zuba jari da kuma gwamnatin bayar wa. Halitta da rashin aikin yi ne makawa, don haka shi ya sa hankalta zuwa yãƙi da shi. Gwamnatin lallai ba ne su shiryar da tattalin arziki ta hanyar kasafin kudi siyasa.

Aukuwa a filin wasa na statistics

Bi da bi bincike ci gaba da Milton Friedman. Babban ideas zo daga gare shi yayin da hidima a cikin Department of War Nazarin a Columbia. Sa'an nan bi da bi ilimin kididdiga analysis ya zama wani misali hanya na kima. Kamar sauran binciken Friedman, a yau alama wuce yarda da sauki. Amma wannan shi ne wani nuna alama na mai baiwa wanda kutsa jigon mamaki. Yau, m ilimin kididdiga analysis ne a key kayan aiki na zamani da tattalin arziki.

Milton Friedman: jari hujja da kuma 'yancin

monetarism ra'ayi fara tare da sukar Keynesian ka'idar. Daga baya, Milton Friedman zai kira da dama na kayan abinci butulci. A 1950 ya sanya kansa fassarar da amfani aiki. Tsarin jari-hujja da kuma Freedom - biyu Concepts cewa an gabatar da sake a cikin kimiyya da juyin juya halin na Milton Friedman. Monetarism yana amfani da wani "Keynesian harshe da kuma methodological na'ura," amma ya musanta asali zaton ka'idar jihar tsari na tattalin arziki. Friedman ba yi imani da yiwuwar na cike iya aiki yin amfani. A cikin fahimtar, akwai ko da yaushe wani halitta kudi na rashin aikin yi, don su yi yaƙi da shi da ma'ana. Masana harkokin tattalin arziki jayayya da cewa a cikin dogon gudu Phillips kwana kama a tsaye a mike line, da kuma annabta da yiwuwar irin wannan sabon abu kamar yadda stagflation. Saboda haka, kawai tasiri siyasa na jihar ne a hankali a hankali karuwa a cikin kudi wadata.