Eduard Bernstein: Basic Ideas

Shi ne ya yi tambaya ƙarfi daga cikin akidar Karl Marx rukunan. A matsayin m goyon bayan Social Democratic ideas, ya kasance marubucin wani sabon ka'idar revisionism, wanda zarcewa kan tushen da hira da imani tsarin, wanda aka hakikance ga SDs. Wannan mutumin - Eduard Bernstein. "Bichevatel" Markisanci da shugaban na biyu International ya sosai gamsu da cewa cikin rukunan "rushewar tsarin jari-hujja" da kuma ka'idar da "impoverishment na proletariat" a cikin kuskure tushen. To, wãne ne ya, Eduard Bernstein, kuma me ya sa kwatsam ya zama wani abokin gaba na Marx? Ka yi la'akari da wannan tambaya a cikin mafi daki-daki.

Shekaru na kuruciya da kuma samartaka

An sani cewa Eduard Bernstein, wanda short biography ne ban sha'awa to tarihi da siyasa masana kimiyya, da aka haifa a cikin wani Yahudawa iyali. Wannan taron ya faru Janairu 6, 1850 a Jamus. Edward ya iyaye su ba m, amma, duk da haka, sun kasance iya ba da zũriyarsu da wani ilimi. Future Social Democrats gama mai zaman kansa boys 'makaranta, sa'an nan ya fara halartar makaranta.

saurayin nan ya shiga makarantar kasuwanci. Zama ta digiri, ya sami aiki a matsayin magatakarda a wani sauki banki ma'aikata mallakar da Rothschilds a Jamus babban birnin kasar.

SDP

Eduard Bernstein, riga kamar yadda wani saurayi ya fara samun shiga a cikin ka'idar gurguzanci. Duk da yake karatu a makaranta, ya sallaceta a band kira "Utopia", wanda ya hada da mutane da suka yi musayar ra'ayi. Kuma a cikin 1872, matasa shiga cikin sahu na Jamus Social Democratic Party. A a layi daya, ya ke tsunduma a cikin jarida da a fagen siyasa. Ba da da ewa Eduard Bernstein, wanda biography aka sani ba ga kowa da kowa, shi ne wani mai goyon bayan gurguzu ka'idar raya Dühring. A cikin marigayi 1870s, da Jamusanci hukumomi sun dakatar da jaridar bayar da Social Democrats, bayan da saurayi aka tilasta su bar mahaifarsa.

ƙaura

Ya koma Switzerland. Ga wasu lokaci saurayi da aiki a matsayin sakatare a kasuwa Hochberg, wanda na kudi da dama wallafe Social Democrats.

A farkon 1880s, Eduard Bernstein, ya fara aiki a ambata "Social Democrat" a matsayin edita. A wannan wuri, ya yi aiki domin kusan shekaru 10, ya zama m maharan suna, sa'an nan haƙuri ne m da Swiss hukumomi, da Social Democrats da kuma fitar da su daga ƙasar. Bayan Edward tafiya zuwa Birtaniya, inda ta rabo ya zo da kansa Engels. Sun zama kusa abokai, da kuma Bernstein - mai taimako ga akidar Karl Marx rukunan.

a Jamus

A farkon 1890s, Edward karshe a yarda ya koma zuwa ga mahaifarsa, inda ya mayar da hankali a kan arin da harkar siyasa. A wannan lokaci, daga karshe ya yanke shawarar a kan zabi na rukunan.

A 1902, da Social Democrats zama memba na majalisar kasar Jamus. Ya za su yi aiki tare da kananan hutu a cikin wannan damar har ta 1928.

A ka'idar revisionism

A cikin tarihi na Bernstein ya shiga a matsayin antagonist na akidar Karl Marx rukunan, wanda shi ba ya yarda ba duk da tattalinsu, amma kawai don wasu. Ya kuma ci gaba da rukunan revisionism.

Marubucin ya dage cewa ka'idar Marx yana bukatar bita, saboda shi gudanar counter ga sabon tarihi kwarewa da kuma digiri na gurguzanci a matsayin siyasa rukunan da kuma yadda koyarwa ne kawai ya cancanta. Amma da ra'ayoyi gudanar Eduard Bernstein, da kuma haihuwar revisionism aka samu tare da rashin jituwa da shugaban na Rasha juyin juya halin Vladimirom Leninym.

A cikin ayyukansu "Matsaloli na gurguzanci" da "Matsaloli na Gurguzanci da kuma zamantakewa dimokuradiyya" Social Democrats tsara asali rubutun: "The motsi - duk da matuƙar manufa - kome".

Jigon da zargi da akidar Karl Marx ka'idar

Ya aka, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, ya tambaye da daidaitar wasu kayan abinci na Markisanci cikin sharuddan kimiyya tushe. Wadannan sun hada da, musamman, da akidarsu da cewa ci gaban da tsarin jari hujja zai tsokane da impoverishment na proletariat. Abin da ya ba tukuna aka amince, Eduard Bernstein? Ainihin ideas na Markisanci kahu a kan gaskiyar cewa bourgeois tsarin ya shafi m taro na babban birnin kasar, a kan dukkan sassa na tattalin arzikin, kuma game da su. Bisa ga Social Democrats, da mafi ɓullo da tsarin jari hujja, da ƙasa da m da aji saba wa juna, kuma rayuwar talakawa da ma'aikata a cikin wannan hali, ya kamata a inganta a kudi na jihar canje.

Kuma a gina wani zaman jama'a jihar na bourgeois irin mai da muhimmanci sosai ga kayan aiki - a majalisar dokoki, a cikin abin da "bari" ya kamata a wakilta a cikin rinjaye.

Duk da haka, Bernstein ne wani mai goyon bayan sauka a hankali gyara daga siyasa da tattalin arziki cibiyoyin. Kuma kai-kafiya ka'idojin hadin kai da kuma dimokuradiyya dole ne ma "m" da kuma "gwaji" aiwatar. Duk da haka esdekov yayi kashedin da tilasta (mechanically) da karya a jerin, in ba haka ba jama'a za su iya fuskanta a rikicin.

Paradoxical gaskiya cewa yi ya ba ta tabbatar da ka'idar Marx da Engels, bisa ga abin kawai da m kãmun ikon da proletariat na iya haifar da "socialization" na tattalin arziki.

"Shin yana yiwuwa a kimiyya gurguzanci?"

Saboda haka ne aikin Eduarda Bernshteyna, rubuta a 1901. A da shi, ya jera babban yankunan gyara shafi cikin akidar Karl Marx model na ci gaba. A ra'ayi na gurguzanci Social Democrats la'akari da maki uku na view. A farko yakan haifar da gurguzanci a matsayin ka'idar, tushen da suke aji saba wa juna.

A ra'ayi na biyu da aka sakawa da abu mai motsi ga canji na jari hujja da tsarin a cikin gama kai da farm da controls. The uku da shawara cewa gurguzanci - koyaswa cewa, ya nuna wanda hanya da ci gaban al'umma.

Eduard Bernstein a cikin wannan aiki jaddada cewa ayyana burin na aji rikici a matsayin manufa raga na ci gaban al'umma - shi ne mai classic kuskure.

"Duk da hakan ka'idar gurguzanci, gina a matsayi na kimiyya, ya kamata a wurinta a matsayin invariable mulki a cikin jerin ta ma'ana bayyanannu. A batu na kusa hadin gwiwa tare da yi, to abin da gurguzanci nufin, wannan hujja a wasu lokuta za a iya rage zuwa wani m motsi, "- ya rubuta" bichevatel "na Markisanci.

Bernstein ya sanya a gaba da ra'ayin cewa gurguzanci a matsayin bunqasar na yi da kuma ka'idar ba ara da kanta ga kimiyya substantiation, ko da yake bai bukatar shi. Gaskiyar cewa rukunan gurguzanci ne mai yiwuwa ne kawai a yanayin da cewa yana bayar da wasu halin kirki da doka akidarsu.

Duk da haka revisionist esdekov Sahaban fassara a matsayin cikakkar kin amincewa hanya da kuma Markisanci ka'idar.

Personal hali zuwa Markisanci Social Democrats

Eduard Bernstein a matsayin ideologue na zamantakewa dimokuradiyya ga koyarwar Karla Marksa hali ne shubuha. Ya gan shi a matsayin mayar da hankali na aji gwagwarmaya ka'idar, tarihi, falsafa, da siyasa, tattalin arzikin na jari hujja, tare da wannan symbiosis sabunta yankan-baki bincike matsayi na} ungiyoyin jama'a.

Eduard Bernstein ya iya partially neutralize da inviolability na manyan ka'idodi na Markisanci, amma ya ne don ware shi a cikin wani m gefe. A musamman, da Social Democrats ĩmãni amfani da gaskiya cewa koyarwar Karla Marksa sun iya ƙarfafa kuma co-zama biyu fassarori gurguzanci: ajin gwagwarmaya da kuma ruhaniya da kuma ka'idojin ayyukan.

Masana tarihi ne na ra'ayin cewa, babban bangaren Bernstein ta tunani shi ne ilimi kirki. Ya kasance na farko daga cikin mabiya koyarwar Marx da Engels kusantar da hankali ga ta matsayi da kuma tasiri a cikin sabon tarihi yanayi.