Engine V8: halayyar, hoto, kewaye, na'urar, ƙarar, nauyi. Cars tare da na'urar V8

A halin yanzu, akwai zaɓuɓɓuka masu yawa don raka'a wutar lantarki, dangane da layout da lambar yawan masu kwalliya. V8 engine yana nufin matakin qarshe na Motors ga motocin fasinja, kamar yadda suke Fitted tare da wasanni da kuma alatu model. Saboda haka, ba su da yawa, amma suna bukatar.

Definition

Engine V8 yana da ikon wuta tare da tsari na V da aka tsara na cylinders a cikin layuka biyu na hudu da na crankshaft na kowa.

Wajibi ne don halitta

A farkon karni na karshe babu hanyar haɗi tsakanin maɗaukakin engine din da adadin wadanda suka hada da cylinders. Duk da haka, a kan lokaci, dalilai kamar karuwa a gudu da kuma iya aiki, kazalika da so don rage kudin ya kai ga gabatarwar da talakawan girma na Silinda. Bugu da ƙari, akwai irin wannan abu a matsayin ƙarfin lita. Saboda haka, da suka suna daura engine ikon da yawan cylinders. Wato, kowanne cylinder yana da ƙananan ƙara, kuma daga wani ƙimar adadi wani ƙarfin an cire. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan halayen suna ingantawa, wato, ba shi da amfani don ya wuce su don samar da taro. Saboda haka, samfurin ƙananan samfurin ya fara samuwa tare da ƙananan motsi tare da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cylinders, kuma don cimma babban ikon da ake buƙata ya haifar da ƙananan wutar lantarki na ƙaramin girma.

Tarihi

An kafa na'urar V8 ta farko a cikin shekara ta 1904. An kafa shi a shekaru biyu da baya ta Leon Levasser. Duk da haka, ba a yi amfani da motoci ba, amma an sanya shi a kan jiragen sama da kananan jiragen ruwa.

Da farko Automobile engine V8 3536 ^cm3 girma saki Rolls Royce-kamfanin. Duk da haka, ta gina kawai motocin 3 kawai tare da shi.

A 1910, 7773 ^cm3 V8 An ƙaddamar da manufacturer De Dion-Bouton. Kuma duk da cewa motocin da aka samu tare da shi an samar da shi a wani abu, a 1912 an gabatar da shi a birnin New York, yana mai da sha'awa sosai. Bayan haka, masana'antun Amurka sun fara samar da irin waɗannan injuna.

A farko mun gwada salla-kayan motoci tare da wani V8 engine ya kamfanin Cadillac a 1914. Yana da aka nizhneklapannym engine damar 5429 cm ^3. Akwai ra'ayi cewa an tsara zane ta daga bangaren wutar lantarki ta Faransa. A farkon shekarar, kimanin motocin 13,000 sun kasance tare da su.

A cikin shekaru 2, ana buga V8 tare da ƙarar lita 4 na Oldsmobile.

A shekarar 1917, Chevrolet ya fara samar da lita 4.7 na V8, duk da haka, a cikin shekara mai zuwa, mai sana'a ya zama ɓangare na GM, ɗayan ɗayan kamfanoni biyu da aka ambata a sama. Duk da haka, Chevrolet, ba kamar su ba, ya mayar da hankali ga samar da motoci masu amfani da man fetur, wanda ya kamata a shigar da kayan aiki mafi sauki, saboda haka samar da V8 ya tsaya.

Dukkanin injunan da aka tattauna a sama an shigar da su a kan tsada. A karo na farko a cikin ɓangaren sassan, Ford ta motsa su a shekarar 1932 zuwa Model 18. Bugu da ƙari, wannan ƙungiyar wutar lantarki yana da ƙwarewar fasahar fasaha. An sanye shi da simintin gyaran simintin gyare-gyare na cylinders, kodayake kafin a yi la'akari da irin wadannan sassa anyi la'akari da yiwuwar haka, saboda haka an raba ragalin daga matakan, wanda yayi rikitarwa kuma ya samar da kayayyaki mafi tsada. Don ƙirƙirar ɓangare mai mahimmanci, ya wajaba don inganta fasahar gyare-gyare. An kira sabon motar wuta Flathead. An samar har zuwa 1954.

A Amurka, ana amfani da magungunan V8 da yawa a cikin shekarun 1930. Sun kasance da shahararren cewa irin wa] annan na'urorin wutar lantarki sun ha] a da dukan motocin motoci, sai dai wa] ansu masarufi. Mota da motar V8 a ƙarshen shekarun 1970 ya lissafa kashi 80% na dukkanin masana'antu a Amurka. Saboda haka, yawancin kalmomin da ke hade da waɗannan raƙuman wutar lantarki na asali ne daga Amirka, kuma V8 yana haɗi da motocin Amurka da yawa.

A Turai, waɗannan na'urorin ba su sami irin wannan shahara ba. Don haka, a farkon rabin karni na karshe an sanye su ne kawai tare da samfurori masu samfurin. Sai kawai a cikin 50 na fara bayyana na farko serial takwas-cylinder injuna ko motoci da V8 engine. Kuma daga bisani wasu daga cikin dakarun sun hada da na'urorin wutar lantarki na Amurka.

Layout

A farkon karni na karshe akwai wasu sababbin makirci ga injuna, alal misali, bakwai-cylinder, a cikin jigon takwas da kuma siffar taurari.

Da umarnin tsari na motar, godiya ga gabatarwa da ka'idodin da ke sama, an riga an ƙayyade adadin magunguna don injuna, dangane da ikon su. Bugu da ƙari, wannan tambaya ta tashi game da tsari mafi kyau.

Na farko ya bayyana mafi sauƙi daga cikin tsarin da aka tsara - na cikin cylinders. Irin wannan yana tabbatar da shigarwa a jere daya bayan daya. Duk da haka, wannan tsari ya dace da na'urorin da ke dauke da nau'in cylinders fiye da shida. A cikin wannan yanayin, zaɓuɓɓuka guda hudu da suka wuce. Kwayoyin jiragen biyu da uku suna da ƙari, ko da yake sun bayyana a farkon farkon karni na 20. Kwayoyi biyar na silinda basu da mahimmanci ba, banda an ci gaba da su ne kawai a tsakiyar shekarun 70. Gidan sittin-cylinder a cikin layi yana fama da shahararren yau. An sake amfani da na'urori takwas-cylinder a cikin shekarun 1930.

Yin amfani da wani nau'i mai nauyin V don motors tare da babban adadin cylinders shi ne saboda la'akari da la'akari. Idan kayi amfani da layin jeri na yawan kwakwalwa na komputa, za su yi tsayi, kuma akwai matsala tare da sanya su a karkashin hoton. Yanzu mafi yawancin shine layout na gefe, kuma yana da matukar wuya a sanya jeri har ma da wutar lantarki guda shida. A wannan yanayin, matsalolin mafi girma sun fito ne tare da sanya jigon akwatin. Abin da ya sa irin waɗannan injuna sun ɓace a cikin yawancin V6. Za a iya tsara wannan karshen duka biyu da kuma transversely.

Aikace-aikacen

An yi amfani da makircin da aka yi la'akari da shi akan manyan na'urori. An shigar da su ne a kan wasanni da samfurin kirki a tsakanin motoci, da matakan SUV masu nauyi, motoci, bas, tractors.

Halaye

Siffofin mahimmanci na V8 sun haɗa da ƙararra, iko, ɓangaren samfurin, ma'auni.

Matsayi

Wannan sigar yana daya daga cikin mahimmanci ga kowane ƙwayar wuta ta ciki. A farkon tarihin ICE babu wani haɗi tsakanin ƙaramin injiniya da yawan adadin magunguna, kuma matsakaicin matsakaicin ya fi girma fiye da yanzu. Saboda haka, 10 lita guda-cylinder engine da 23 lita shida cylinder da aka sani.

Duk da haka, daga baya ma'anar ƙararrakin Silinda da aka ambata a sama da kuma dangantaka tsakanin girma da damar da aka gabatar.

Kamar yadda aka ce, ana amfani da layout da aka yi la'akari da shi domin yawancin kayan sarrafawa na lita. Sabili da haka, ƙimar V8 yana yawanci akalla 4 lita. Matsakaicin iyakar wannan saiti na kayan motar zamani da SUV shine 8.5 lita. A kan motoci, tractors da kuma bass suna ƙara ƙananan wutar lantarki (har zuwa lita 24).

Amfani da wutar lantarki

Wannan halayyar motar V8 za a iya ƙaddara ta hanyar ƙarfin littafi. Don na'urar motar motar gas, tana da 100 hp. Saboda haka, injin lita 4 yana da iko na 400 hp. A sakamakon haka, zaɓuɓɓan ƙarar girma ya fi ƙarfin. A wasu lokuta, musamman a kan wasu tsarin, musamman mahimmanci, ƙarfin littafi yana ƙaruwa sosai.

Hanya na disintegration

Wannan saitin yana da dacewa kawai don injunan V-shaped. Ta hanyar da ake nufi da kusurwa tsakanin layuka na cylinders. Ga mafi yawan powertrains yana da 90 °. An bayyana jigilar wannan tsari na kwalliya ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa yana bada izinin cimma matsananciyar vibration da ƙarancin ƙarancin cakuda kuma don ƙirƙirar injiniya mai zurfi. Sakamakon na ƙarshe yana rinjayar rinjayar, tun da irin wannan motar wutar lantarki yana taimakawa wajen rage girman ƙarfin.

Kusan ba sau da yawa akwai motors tare da kusurwa na faduwar 60º. Mafi ƙarancin motar tare da karami kaɗan. Wannan yana ba ka damar rage girman ninkin injin, duk da haka, a irin waɗannan lokuta yana da wuya a shafe vibration.

Akwai Motors da fadada kwana na cylinders (180º). Wato, ana kwantar da su a cikin jirgin sama mai kwance, kuma pistons suna motsa juna. Duk da haka, irin waɗannan motors ba a kira V-shaped, amma akasin haka, kuma wasikar B. suna ba da izinin b. Suna samar da ƙananan ƙarfin nauyi, don haka an shigar da waɗannan na'urori musamman a kan wasanni. Duk da haka, sun bambanta a cikin babban nisa, saboda haka mabanin motsi ba su da wuya saboda mahimmancin sanyawa.

Ƙwararrawa

A kowane hali, waɗannan abubuwa suna nunawa lokacin da injin piston ke aiki. Duk da haka, masu zanen kaya sukan rage su kamar yadda ba wai kawai yana ta'aziyya ba, amma har ma a matsanancin matakan zai haifar da lalacewa da lalacewar injin.

A cikin aiki, ƙungiyoyi masu yawa da kuma lokacin aiki. Don rage vibrations, wajibi ne don daidaita su. Ɗaya daga cikin maganin wannan shi ne zayyana engine a irin wannan hanya da lokacin da dakarun da suke daidai kuma suna da yawa. A gefe guda, ya isa ya tsaftace kawai gwangwani. Saboda haka, zaka iya canza wuri na wuyansa kuma shigar da takaddun shaida akan shi ko amfani da ma'aunin gyaran ƙyama.

Daidaitawar

Da farko dai, ya kamata a lura cewa daga cikin nau'in injuna guda biyu kawai suna daidaita: a cikin layi da tsayayya, da kuma shida-cylinder. Motors na sauran shimfidu sun bambanta a wannan alamar.

Game da V8, suna da matukar daidaita, kuma musamman bambance-bambancen karatu tare da kusurwar dama na rushewa na cylinders da cranks dake cikin jiragen haɗaka. Bugu da ƙari, ana samun sassauci saboda yiwuwar sauye-sauye na shuɗi. Irin waɗannan injuna suna da sau biyu ne kawai a kan kwakwalwan ƙananan kwalliya, wanda za'a iya biya su da cikakke biyu a kan kullun.

Amfanin

Ma'anonin siffar V sun bambanta daga motors tare da layi na cikin layi tare da ƙara yawan matsala. Ana yin wannan ta hanyar motar motar V8. Ya bambanta da motar dake cikin layin, inda jagoran sojojin ke kai tsaye a tsaye, a cikin injin da aka yi la'akari da su suna aiki a kan shinge daga bangarorin biyu tare da tangent. Saboda haka, an halicci mafi girma inertia, yana ba da hanzari da sauri.

Bugu da ƙari, ƙwallon ƙafa V8 yana da ƙarfi sosai. Wato, wannan kashi ya fi karfi, sabili da haka yana da mafi tasiri da tasiri lokacin aiki a iyakacin hanyoyi. Har ila yau, yana ƙaddamar da kewayon injiniya na aiki kuma yana ba da sauri ga samun ƙarfin lokaci.

A ƙarshe, motar V-dimbin yawa sun fi dacewa idan aka kwatanta da wadanda suke cikin layi. Kuma su ba kawai ya fi guntu ba, amma kuma ƙananan, kamar yadda za a iya gani daga hoton motar V8.

Abubuwa mara kyau

Ma'aikata na tsari a cikin tambayoyin sune wani tsari mai gina jiki, wanda ke haifar da babban farashi. Bugu da ƙari, tare da ƙananan ƙananan tsawo da tsawo, suna da faɗi. Har ila yau, nauyin nauyin V8 yana da yawa (daga 150 zuwa 200 kg), wanda zai haifar da matsaloli tare da nauyin nauyi. Saboda haka, ba a sanya su a kananan motoci ba. Bugu da ƙari, irin waɗannan motors suna da tasiri sosai kuma suna da wuya a daidaita. A ƙarshe, suna da tsada don aiki. Da farko dai, wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar na'urar ta V8 yana da wuya. Bugu da kari, yana da babban adadin bayanai. Sabili da haka, gyaran motar V8 yana da wahala kuma tsada. Abu na biyu, irin waɗannan injuna suna halin hawan man fetur.

Ci gaban zamani

A cikin ci gaba da dukkanin injuna na ciki, an samu kwanan nan a matsayin mafi dacewa da riba. Ana samun wannan ta hanyar rage girman da aikace-aikace na tsarin daban-daban irin su injin man fetur mai sauƙi, caji caji, lokaci mai sauƙi, da dai sauransu. Wannan ya haifar da cewa manyan injuna, ciki har da V8, suna ɓacewa a hankali. Mnogolitrovye Motors yanzu maye gurbinsu da turbocharged injuna karami girma. Wannan ya shafi nauyin V12 da V10, wanda aka maye gurbin V8, kuma daga baya - ta V6. Wato, ƙananan ƙarfin motsa jiki ya rage, wanda ya kasance saboda raƙuwa a cikin inganci, ƙididdigar abin da ya dace da lita.
Duk da haka, wasanni da alatu motoci suna amfani da kayan aiki masu yawa na lita-lita. Kuma yawancin su ya karu da yawa da aka kwatanta da baya saboda amfani da fasahar zamani.

Abubuwan da suka dace

Duk da yiwuwar maye gurbin injiniya ta hanyar lantarki da sauran na'urori masu zaman kansu, ba su rasa matsala ba. Musamman mahimmancin jinsunan V suna la'akari sosai. A halin yanzu, masu zanen kaya sun tayar da hanyoyi don kawar da rashin lafiya. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin ra'ayi, ba a bayyana cikakken yiwuwar irin waɗannan raƙuman wutar lantarki ba, don haka suna yin hanzari.