Euphemisms: misalai. Euphemisms a zamani Rasha magana

The kalmar "euphemism" ya zo daga Girkanci kalma hadaddun, kunsha na biyu kalmomi: "mai kyau" da "magana". Shi ne stylistically tsaka tsaki maganganu ko Concepts amfani da mu maimakon rabe-naúrar, wanda shi ne synonymous, wanda alama m, m ko m magana. Euphemisms, misalai daga abin da muka gabatar a wannan labarin, sau da yawa rufe fuska da jigon da sabon abu, su rufe shi, misali: amfani maimakon "mutu" - "mutu" maimakon "karya" - "magana da gaskiya", da sauyawa daga cikin jumlar "da farashin karuwa," "farashin walwalar" . Za mu iya ce game da atomic bam, ta amfani da kalmar "samfurin".

A tarihi volatility na euphemisms

Euphemisms, da bambanci ga kowa lexicon, ne sosai kula kimomi da daban-daban jama'a events a matsayin "m" ko "mai kyau". Wannan bayyana tarihi volatility da tafki na ƙamus: abin daya tsara alama euphemistic sunan, wadannan za a iya daukarsa da inganci da kuma doubtless m, m, bi da bi, euphemistic sauyawa. A matsayin misali, a tarihin Faransa kalmomi da kuma garce fille. A zamanin da, na farko da aka sani kawai mace daidai da gars, wanda tsaye ga "yaro, yaron", sa'an nan - a euphemism ga kalmar "karuwa", amma nan da nan fara gane yadda m, kuma aka maye gurbinsu a cikin wannan aiki, da kalmar fille (daya daga cikin dabi'u), wanda, bi da bi, , a cikin harshen Faransanci a yau an daina dauke da wani canza da kuma ake amfani a rantsar. Irin wannan euphemisms a wani jawabin da kowa a harsuna da yawa.

A irin wannan tsarin da ake lura a cikin tarihi na alamun wannan ra'ayi daga cikin Slavs. Alal misali, Rasha kalma ta "karuwa" (kwatanta ma Belarushiyanci, Ukrainian kuma Bulgarian "karuwa", Czech kurva, Polish kurwa) nufi asali "kaza", sa'an nan ya fara da za a yi amfani da matsayin euphemism ga m kalmomi a cikin ma'anar wanton mata (kwatanta Faransa cocotte - na farko " kaza "da" ho "). Akwai ma kama da Turanci euphemisms.

Relationship zuwa sauran hanyoyin da jawabin

A matsayin hanyar periphrastic, kaikaitaccen kuma lokaci guda softening zane-zane da kaddarorin wani abu ko aiki, su kuma ba da labari ga sauran magana dabaru, musamman tare da litotes abin da aka fahimta a matsayin Hanyar magana, tushe na wanda yake shi ne biyu korau ( "ba da niyya" "nebesspornoy" ) ko biya diyya musu a wani bangare na yanayin na m kalamai ( "ba na zaton ka, dama" - cf.: "ina ganin kai ne ba daidai ba"), da kuma sauran hanyoyi - meiosis - dabara na magana, jigon wanda - ganganci belittling Institute .. Ensivnosti daban-daban Properties na batun magana, tafiyar matakai, ayyuka, da dai sauransu ( "Yana da wuya a kira mai kaifin" - a wauta mace, "Ya harbe kyawawan kyau" - da kyau shugabanci).

Sadarwa tare da gabatarwa

Evfemizatsii tsari yana da dangantaka ta kusa da sauran - gabatarwa. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin uku na asali mamaki da siffar mutum magana aiki (sauran biyu - kimantawa da predication). Bisa ga al'ada, da'a, m ko wasu dalilai da aka sani da tsananin wahalar ko ba a duk aka sani abubuwa bukatar euphemistic nadi. Update sunayen ne saboda bukatar su lulluɓe ko zuwa laushi da kuma sake sake jigon abin da aka dauke m, m da al'adu al'umma. Akwai, musamman, siyasa euphemisms, wani misali na wanda muka riga da aka ba (da sauyawa daga cikin jumlar "karuwa a farashin," "farashin walwalar"). Za ka iya samun yawan sauransu.

Bayani dalla-dalla na euphemisms

Euphemisms, misalai daga waxanda suke da m, suna da nasu ƙayyadaddu. An bayyana a cikin rabe-jigon da a abin da batutuwa mafi sau da yawa hõre wannan tsari, cikin yankunan da amfani na samu kalmomi a dukiya iri da kuma hanyoyin da wanda aka halitta su a cikin harshen da daban-daban kimomi da aka ba da kamfanin a wasu euphemisms .

Jigon euphemism

Evfemizatsii aiwatar da muhimmanci ga wadannan maki da aka jera a kasa:

1. Cancantar cewa mai magana samar jawabin abu kamar yadda irin wannan, wani kai tsaye nuni da wanda za a iya gani (musamman addressee ko a zamantakewa yanayi) a matsayin impropriety, sharpness, roughness, da sauransu. D.
2. Selection na da ãyõyi, cewa shãmaki, rufe fuska da jigon wannan sabon abu, da kuma ba kawai hanyar zuwa laushi da magana. Musamman a fili ta bayyana ga misali na likita euphemisms m semantically, msl, "neoplasm" maimakon kalmar "ƙari" ko wajen samo daga wasu harsuna (da haka ba gaba ɗaya bayyana rinjaye) - a wani ajali kamar "pediculosis" maimakon Rasha "kwarkwata", ko wasu euphemisms a Rasha harshen, misalai na wanda za a iya mika.
3. A amfani da jawabin dogara a kan yanayi da kuma mahallin: da zamantakewa iko na mai magana halin da ake ciki da kuma kamunkai da nasu jawabin magana tougher, da mafi kusantar ne bayyanar euphemisms. Conversely, a yanayi inda shi ne sarrafawa talauci, akwai ta high automatism (socializing da abokai, iyali, kuma haka a. N.). Euphemisms, misalai daga abin da muka yi ba za a iya maye gurbinsu "kai tsaye" nadi wajen.

hada a raga a jawabin euphemisms

1. Babban burin ya bi ta hanyar yin amfani da irin wannan kalmomin cewa - da so don kauce wa rikice-rikice sadarwa, haifar da halin da ake ciki a cikin abin da mai kiran zai yi ba ji m. A bi wannan burin euphemisms a "softer" nau'i, a kwatanta da sauran hanyoyin da gabatarwa, da ake kira mataki wani abu dukiya. Alal misali, kamar yadda wani zai maye gurbin kalmar "kurãme" amfani da "wuya na ji" maimakon "makafi" - "makafi", maimakon "karya" ko "karya" - "Ba gaskiya", da kalmar "bugu" da aka maye gurbinsu "bugu", "mai" - "full", da sauransu .. A euphemism cewa definition ne yawanci ba da wata wahala ba, saboda mun yi shi cikin lamirinsu, a cikin wadannan lokuta yale mu mu sadarwa ba tare da rashin jin daɗi.
2. Sake kamanni, nauyin da isa yabo - Wani muhimmin haƙiƙa, wanda aka yi amfani da wadannan suna maye gurbinsu. Wannan shi ne hankula ga totalitarian al'umma, abin da ya kasance, misali, Rasha har zuwa karshen shekarun 1980s. Misalai rufe euphemistic maganganu cewa boye m interlocutor ne ayyuka da kuma Concepts: maimakon kalmar "kurkuku" - "ma'aikata", "mai ba da labari" - "yi maka fatan alheri", kazalika da yawa horo da ciwon a cikin kashi na farko na kalmar morpheme "spets" (musamman baƙi, musamman contingent, spetspoliklinika, Special Branch, spetsraspredeliteli, spetskhran da sauransu), "gudãnar ko tsari na farashin" (ma'ana a zahiri kiwon su), "unpopular matakan" (haraji ƙaruwa, misali) da kuma sauran irin euphemisms. Misalan kalmomi za a iya rage, da sauransu. A Rasha, wadannan nau'i-nau'i ne quite 'yan.
3. Wannan ba dukkan lokuta a lõkacin da wata euphemism iya amfani. Definition na karshen, na uku, al'amarin ba haka ba ne a bayyane yake, duk da haka, da kuma shi ne mai yiwuwa a tsammani. Euphemisms iya amfani da manufar da boye daga wasu cewa mai magana yanã son ya sanar da wani musamman manufa. Hakika, wannan "boye-boye" ne zumunta, shi nan da nan ya zama na fili, musamman idan saƙonni aka buga, da kuma ba su dauke a cikin rubutu na da ƙungiyõyi biyu, kuma ta haka ta zama samuwa ga fassarar wani saurarõnsu ko karatu. Alal misali, shi ne hali na jaridar talla, jigo na wanda - fannin Apartment musayar ( "Na yi wani biyu-daki Apartment a kan uku-daki ga yarjejeniyar"), da aikin yi ( "so yarinya ba tare da gidaje a kan biyan jobs"), da dai sauransu A darajar euphemisms, don haka ba. za a underestimated.

Duniyoyin da zaren evfemizatsii

Kimantawa da magana kalmomi na politeness / rudeness, jin kunya / alfãsha ra'ayi mayar da hankali a kan takamaiman yankunan da jigogi na mutum aiki (kazalika da dangantaka tsakanin mutane). Suna al'ada dauke su da wadannan:

1. Wasu physiological jihohi da kuma matakai ( "Sako hanci" maimakon "hurawa your hanci," "malaise" (game da mata hailar lokaci), "jiran yaro" maimakon "da ciki" da sauransu.).
2. Related to "jiki kasa" sashi na jiki - wadannan abubuwa ne irin wannan cewa euphemistic, kaikaitaccen su nadi ana riskarsa a yau da kullum jawabin da mafi jawabai a matsayin ba quite mai kyau (misali, irin harshe na dabam da kuma salon magana sunayen na azzakari, "itace", "inji", "kayan aiki "et al.).
3. Dangantaka tsakanin jinsosin, "ya zama a cikin m lamba", kazalika da vernacular zuwa "saduwa", da cewa shi ne a yi ", yin jima'i", da dai sauransu ...
4. Mutuwa da cutar: maimakon "lafiya" - "ji dadi" maimakon "Syphilis" - "Faransa runny hanci", da kalmar "marigayin" maimakon "matattu" da sauransu.

Wannan shi ne wani euphemism - more ta a maimaikon da kalmar, amma tare da wani na ginin jumla inuwõyinta suna kusa ma'anar. Topics da ikon yinsa, daga su amfani, kamar yadda ka gani, su ne quite yawa.

Euphemisms a cikin rubutu da kuma jawabin

A euphemisms rubutu, misalai na abin da aka nuna ta da mu sau da yawa kasaftawa via quotes, kuma za a iya tare da daban-daban metalinguistic comments. Marubucin iya bayyana sunayen da ɓatar da su, a layi daya Lines. A jawabin euphemisms ma wakiltar daya daga cikin stylistic wajen. Su ka damar bambanta da magana magana, dangane daban-daban yanayi, shãmaki, kuma boye su nufi, idan ya cancanta, don kauce wa yiwu sadarwa rikice-rikice da suka taso a nan da nan gabatarwa na wani iri-iri na ayyuka, abubuwa da dukiyoyinsu.

Euphemism canza dysphemism

Culture of Rasha magana ba a iyakance ga yin amfani da euphemisms. Baya ga wadannan, akwai dysphemism - shi ke na batsa ko m nadi asali tsaka tsaki Concepts domin ba da karshen wani mummunan ma'anar, ko kuma kawai amfani don bunkasa expressiveness na magana. Alal misali, maimakon yin amfani da "mutuwa" da kalmar "mutu", da kuma maimakon "mutum" - "muzzle" da sauransu.

Dysphemism da kakofemizm

Wannan lokaci da aka yi amfani da wani lokacin a matsayin dangantawa ga wani ra'ayi - "kakofemizm". Su amfani, duk da haka, ya kamata ka ba za a iyakance zuwa incivility da rudeness. A al'ada (misali, Asian) dysphemism kowa a jawabin wajen broadly domin su kauce wa mugunta ido: da mata, yara ko m abubuwa. Sau da yawa, wannan canje-canje a cikin yin amfani da ɓadda kama iyaka cewa wanzu tsakanin kai-wulãkantuwa m da kuma camfi.

Mun gani, irin wannan abubuwa a matsayin euphemism Myung dysphemism da kakofemizm. Sun tsaya ga abubuwa da kuma abubuwan da suka faru suna amfani da jawabai da kowane daga cikin mu, mu yi shi ba tare da ko tunanin. Yanzu ka san abin da ya kira da Rasha harshen wannan substitutions, kuma za su iya more sane amfani da su.