External da ciki Politika Ekateriny 2. Features Catherine m manufofin 2

Tun suna yara, m kuma na bincike Catherine II ya iya gudanar da wani real juyin juya halin a Rasha. Daga 1744 aka kira Empress Elizabeth a St. Petersburg. Akwai, Catherine dauki Orthodoxy kuma ya zama na amarya Yarima Peter Fedorovich.

A gwagwarmayar da kursiyin

Future Empress kokarin a kowace hanya don lashe ni'imar mijinta, shi da uwarsa da kuma mutane. Catherine ciyar da yawa lokaci karatu littattafai a kan tattalin arziki, da dokoki, da tarihin, wanda na da wani tasiri a kan ta Outlook. Lokacin da Bitrus III zo a kan karaga, dangantakarsa da matarsa escalated a cikin juna rashin jituwa. A wannan lokaci, Catherine fara shirya mãkirci. A ta gefe sun gaggafa, KG Razumovsky. NI Panin da sauransu. A cikin watan Yuni 1762, a lokacin da sarki ya ba a St. Petersburg, Catherine shiga barikin Izmailovsky rajimanti aka zayyana autocratic m. Bayan da yawa buƙatun don tattaunawa da mijinta rubuce-rubuce abdicated. Ciki, waje Politika Ekateriny II ya fara ta ci gaba.

Features na hukumar

Catherine II ya iya kewaye kaina talented kuma na kwarai mutane. Ta goyi bayan ban sha'awa ra'ayoyi da zai iya zama fa'ida don amfani ga nasu dalilai. Tare da batutuwa Empress yi girman tactfully kuma discreetly, yana da kyauta da sauraron interlocutor. Amma Catherine II son ikon da zai iya zuwa duk wani matsananci, kawai don ci gaba da ita.

Empress goyon bayan Orthodox Church, amma bai kãfirta game da yin amfani da addini a cikin harkokin siyasa. An yarda gina Protestant da Katolika da kuma ko da masallatai. Amma har yanzu azabtar da miƙa mulki daga orthodoxy zuwa wani addini.

Domestic Catherine 2 (short)

Empress zaba cikin uku postulates, wanda tushen gudanar da ayyukanta: jerin, hankali da kuma lissafin kudi na jama'a jin zuciya. Catherine lebe ya mai taimako ga abolition na serfdom, amma ya jagoranci nobility su goyi bayan manufofin. Ta kafa adadin yawan jama'a a kowane lardi (mazauna kada ta kasance fiye da 400 dubu), da kuma cikin County (har zuwa 30,000). A dangane da rabuwa da birane da yawa da aka gina. A kowane lardi cibiyar da dama hukumomin gwamnati da aka shirya. Wadannan ne, a matsayin babban lardin ma'aikata - management - tare da gwamnan a cikin cajin, Criminal da kuma Civil bẽne, Financial Management Authority (House of baitul). Akwai sun kuma an kafa: High lardin Kotun, lardin Majistare da Upper tashin hankali. Suka buga da rawar da kotun domin daban-daban azuzuwan da kuma kunshi cikin shugabannin da assessors. jiki da aka halitta da zaman lafiya na rikice-rikice, da ake kira conscientious kotu. Yana kuma jin lokuta criminally mahaukaci. Ƙalubalantar makarantu na'urorin, mafaka da kuma almshouses tsunduma Order of jama'a sadaka.

Sake fasalin harkokin cikin kananan hukumomi

Inner Catherine 2 siyasa ya shafa a birnin. A nan, kuma, da dama daga allon. Kamar wancan ƙananan gundumar kotu alhakin ayyukan da 'yan sanda da kuma gwamnati. A County kotu ya zama ƙarƙashin High lardin Kotun da kuma manya dauke da harka. A wurin da 'yan asalin da aka yi hukunci a, ita ce birnin majistare. Don warware matsalolin da manoma halitta Lower kisan kiyashin.

Control na daidai kisa da dokar da aka sanya wa lardin m da biyu Lauyan. Gwamnan-Janar bi da aikin da dama larduna da kuma iya tambaya kai tsaye zuwa Empress. Domestic Politika Ekateriny 2, kadarori tebur aka bayyana a cikin da yawa littattafan tarihi.

shari'a garambawul

A 1775, shi ya kafa wani sabon tsarin don warware rikici. A kowane aji matsalar warware ta bangaren shari'a. All kotuna, fãce da Lower yanke hukuncin kisa da aka zabe. High lardin nazari lokuta gonaki da baƙauye jayayya (idan manomi ya jihar) bautarka manya da ƙananan tashin hankali. Rigingimu a haɗe serfs mallaki gidaje. Amma ga limaman, suke iya kawai yin hukunci da bishops a lardin consistories. Majalisar Dattawa ta yi babban bangaren shari'a.

Municipal garambawul

Empress nemi kafa kungiyoyi domin kowane aji da hakkin ya kai gwamnati. A 1766 Catherine II gabatar da wani Shelar a kan samuwar hukumar don magance gida al'amurran da suka shafi. A karkashin shiryarwar da shugaban na manya da zabe shugaban birnin ya faru da zaben na majalisar wakilai, kazalika da canja wurin su tanadi. A sakamakon haka, a yawan majalisu ayyukan, wanda gyarawa wasu dokoki na kananan hukumomi. The nobility aka bai wa hakkin ya zabo gundumar da kuma lardin shugabannin, magatakarda, County hukunci da kuma assessors da sauran manajoji. Urban management daukan biyu tunani: Janar da kuma Shestiglasnaya. Tsohon na da hakkin ya yi umarni a cikin wannan yanki. An jagoranci da magajin gari. A] aukacin tunani da yake faruwa har ya cancanta. Shestiglasnaya faruwa kowace rana. Ta ne zartarwa jiki da kuma kunshi shida wakilan kowane aji da kuma magajin gari. Akwai har yanzu City Majalisar, wanda ya gana da kowane shekaru uku. Wannan jiki na da hakkin ya zabo Shestiglasnuyu tunani.

Domestic Politika Ekateriny 2 ba biya da hankali ga 'yan sanda. A watan Julin 1782, ta halitta da umarni wanda kayyade tsarin jami'an tsaro, shugabanci na ayyukan, kazalika da tsarin horo ne da azaba.

nobility rai

Domestic Politika Ekateriny 2 yawan takardun da bin doka tabbatar da m matsayi na wannan aji. Kashe wani bafada ko dauke da dukiya ne kawai zai yiwu bayan da ya yi da tsanani laifi. Hukunci dole daidai da Empress. Bafadan ba za a iya hõre jiki azãba. Bugu da kari ga zubar da rabo daga manoma, da kuma Estate al'amura, estate wakilin iya yardar kaina tafiya kasashen waje, aika da gunaguni kai tsaye zuwa ga Gwamna-Janar. External da ciki Politika Ekateriny 2 dangane da bukatun na aji.

wakilan da matalauta kadan infringed hakkin. Saboda haka, shiga a cikin lardin majalisai na nobility iya wani mutum da wasu dukiya cancantar. Wannan ya kuma amince ga matsayi, a cikin wannan yanayin, da ƙarin albashi kada ta kasance kasa da $ 100 a kowace shekara.

tsarin tattalin arziki

A 1775, ya aka karanta Shelar, a cikin abin da duk aka yarda su "aikin wind up dukan Mills da kuma samar da su daga kõwane crafts ba tare da ya riga ya ba da izinin" ga duka gida kuma mafi girma hukumomi. Mfu togiya wani al'amarin da cewa nau'i na gwamnati kasuwanci dade har 1861, kazalika da kamfanonin bauta wa sojojin. Suka wuce suka faru sun gudummawar da habakar tattalin arziki na m aji. Wannan ajin ya dauki wani aiki sashi a gaban sabon samarwa da kuma harkokin kasuwanci. Saboda aikin da na 'yan kasuwa suka fara samar da lilin masana'antu, canza kama daga baya a cikin yadi sashen. Catherine II a 1775, ya kafa uku m guild, wanda aka rabu da juna a cikin data kasance babban birnin kasar. Tare da kowane hada fim fee na 1% na babban birnin kasar, wanda aka ayyana da kuma ba su bari. A 1785 aka sanya jama'a takardar shaidar, wanda ya bayyana cewa, 'yan kasuwa da dama su shiga a gida gwamnatin da kotu, suka Ban daga Kofur azãba. Gata da alaka ne kawai da farko da na biyu guilds, kuma a cikin sama da aka bukata don kara girman da ya ayyana babban birnin kasar.

Domestic Politika Ekateriny II ya shafi yankunan karkara mazauna. Su da aka yarda su ply su cinikayya da kuma sayar da sakamakon kayayyakin. Farmers sayar a cikin hurumi, amma aka iyakance a aiwatar da yawa kiri ayyukan. Manyansu iya shirya bikin, kuma sun sayar da samfurin, amma ba su da hakkin ya gina masana'antu a birane. Wannan ajin yi da mafi kyau ga tura da kuma ansu rubuce-rubucen yan kasuwa Textiles da kuma distillery masana'antu. Kuma suka hankali nasara, kamar yadda a farkon lokacin da farkon na XIX karni 74 bafadan da kuma dashi masana'antu, 'yan kasuwa da kuma sha biyu kawai aka kai Enterprises.

Catherine II bude Assignation Bank, wanda aka halitta ga nasara aiki daga cikin manya azuzuwan. Financial ma'aikata yarda da adibas, gudanar da watsi samar lissafin kudi takardar kudi. A sakamakon haka shi da wani Fusion na fafatukar da kuma azurfa ruble Assignation.

Garambawul of Education, Al'adu da Kimiyya

Features 2 Catherine ta m manufofin a cikin wadannan yankunan su ne kamar haka:

1. A madadin Empress II malami Betskoi ɓullo da "General Institution ga ilimi na matasa na biyu mata da maza." Society of Noble Ladies aka buɗe a kan tushen daga gare (Smolny Institute), a Commercial College da kuma makaranta a Academy of Arts. A watan Julin 1782, Hukumar da kafa makarantu da aka kafa domin makaranta garambawul. ta shirya da aka ɓullo da Austria malama FI Jankovic. A cikin shakka daga sake fasalin a birnin domin kowa da kowa ya bude makarantun gwamnati - manyan da qananan. Cibiyoyi kiyaye ta jihar. Medical College, da Mining School da kuma sauran makarantu da aka bude a karkashin Catherine II.
2. Nasara ciki Politika Ekateriny 2 shekaru na 1762-1796 ya ba Yunƙurin ga ci gaban kimiyya. A 1765, akwai kungiyar na da Free tattalin arziki Society, wanda aka tsara domin fadada ilimi na kasar labarin kasa. A lokacin daga 1768 zuwa 1774, da masana kimiyya na Academy of Sciences halarci biyar expeditions. Ta hanyar irin wannan kamfen da aka fadada ilimi ba kawai a cikin labarin kasa amma kuma a cikin ilmin halitta da kuma sauran kimiyyar yanayin halitta. A cikin 80s, Rasha Academy aka gina don nazarin harshe da adabi. A zamanin mulkin Catherine II, mafi littattafai da aka buga fiye da a duk XVIII karni. A St. Petersburg, ya bude da farko a jihar Jama'a Library. m na karanta littattafai a kusan kowane aji. A wannan lokaci, da ilimi ya zama abin gõdewa.
3. Domestic Politika Ekateriny 2 ba kare, da kuma bayyanar da high jama'a. Active da zamantakewa da rayuwa a cikin mafi girman da'ira na Ladies da Gentlemen zamar masa dole ya bi fashion. A 1779, a mujallar "Fashion wata-wata muqala, ko wani Ladies bayan gida Library" da aka buga misalai na sabon tufafi. Adari watan Julin 1782 da umarnin manya to sa kayayyaki zuwa dace da launuka na alama na lardin. Bayan shekaru biyu, a cikin wannan tsari don ƙara bukatun - a wasu style uniform.

kasashen waje da manufofin

Catherine II bai manta game da inganta dangantakar da sauran jihohi. Empress cimma wadannan sakamakon:

1. Saboda da Accession na Kuban yankin, da Crimea, da Lithuanian larduna, a yammacin kasar Rasha, da Duchy na Courland kan iyakoki na jihar muhimmanci kumbura.

2. George rubutun da aka sanya hannu, wanda ya nuna rawar da Rasha protectorate kan Jojiya (Kartli-Kakheti).

3. Akwai wani yaki kulla ga ƙasa tare da Sweden. Amma bayan rattaba hannu a kan yarjejeniya kan iyakoki sun zauna guda.

4. Development of Alaska da kuma Aleutian Islands.

5. A sakamakon haka na Rasha-Turkish yaki da aka raba ɓangare na ƙasar Poland tsakanin Austria, Prussia da kuma Rasha.

6. The Greek aikin. Dalilin da rukunan da ke cikin sabuntawa na Byzantine Empire, a tsakiya a Konstantinoful. Kamar yadda ta yi ciki da shugaban kasa ya zama jikan Catherine II, Prince Constantine.

7. A ƙarshen 80 ta fara da Rasha-Turkish yaki da gwagwarmaya tare da Sweden. Fursuna a 1792 Iasi zaman lafiya kulla rinjayar da Rasha Empire a cikin Caucasus da kuma Bessarabia, da kuma tabbatar da annexation na Crimea.

Catherine 2. Results na waje da kuma na cikin gida da manufofin

Great Rasha Empress bar wani kafu daram alama a cikin tarihi na Rasha. Bayan kifar da sarautar mijinta, ta gudanar da wani yawan abubuwan da suka faru, da yawa daga cikinsu sun muhimmanci inganta rayuwar mutane. Summing up sakamakon ciki siyasa na Catherine 2, ya kamata a lura da halin da ake ciki musamman na nobility da aka fi so a kotu. Empress karfi da goyon wannan aji da kuma 'yan uwa kusa.

Domestic Politika Ekateriny 2, a takaice bayyana idan yana da wadannan babban al'amurran. Godiya ga hukunci ayyuka na Empress, karkarar da Rasha daular karu da yawa. Yawan jama'a a kasar ya kai ga da ilimi. Yana bayyana farko makaranta ga manoma. tambayoyi game da management na gundumomi da kuma lardunan da aka warware. A Empress taimake Rasha zama daya daga cikin manyan kasashen Turai.