Fara bugu

Da sabuwar dabara na bugu, lalle saboda da halittar da bugu latsa. Wannan taron yana dauke neman sauyi a cikin tarihin na littafin kasuwanci. Fara bugu ba mai girma impetus ga ci gaban rubuce-rubuce. Wannan ne saboda da m yaduwar hikimar mutane, kopivsheysya ƙarni na al'adu halittun. Daga cikin mutanen duniya ya tashi sharply ƙishirwa ga karatu, wanda da gudummawar da ci gaban ilimi da sadaukarwa.

Ya kamata a lura cewa da sabuwar dabara ba bugu latsa taron da aka maras wata-wata. All ta abubuwa suna kafa a hankali. A daban-daban sau da ayyuka na na'ura daukan wani salo da dama.

Akwai da dama bayani game da wanda ya qaddamar da bugu. A labarin ya bayyana farko gwaje-gwajen da na littafin kasuwanci a Korea, Mongolia, Japan, China, riga a 10-11 ƙarni. Amma, abin takaici, da gaske da littafin, don haka sau da yawa da aka bayyana, har zuwa yanzu ba su kai. Saboda haka dauke da cewa farkon bugu aka qaddamar da Johannes Gutenberg (1399-1468). By hada daban-daban fasahar, sa'an nan data kasance a samar, ya ƙirƙira cikakken hanya zuwa a lokacin bazawa na littafin. Da fari dai, Guttenberg ya zama wanda ya kafa wani sabon font. Maimakon mutum haruffa da aka yi amfani a madubi image jefa karfe mutu. Suna labta wa jan farantin, tududa da aka cika da mai na musamman gami, wanda ya ƙunshi antimony, gubar da tin. Saboda haka, ya yiwu a Mould da kalmomi da haruffa a girma.

Guttenberg a 1450 ya fara buga da full version na Littafi Mai Tsarki (na farko a Turai). Tsakanin 1452 m, kuma 1454-m (bisa ga daban-daban kafofin) ya ya iya buga a 42-line edition. Littafi Mai Tsarki an haka ya kira saboda gaskiyar cewa a kan kowane shafi na (duk shafukan da aka a 1282) yana da 42 Lines a biyu ginshikan.

Almajirin Gutenberg (Pannartst da Svengeym) ya fara kewaya firtsi bugu fasahar a Turai. Saboda haka, farkon bugu da gudummawar da halittar wani sabon reshe na al'ada da kuma samar da a lokaci guda - da bugu masana'antu. Saboda gaskiya cewa manufar "wallafe-wallafe" kuwa ba ya nan a lokacin, zaci wani sabon sana'a kasuwanci ji gaba daya, ciki har da sayar da littattafai a cikin shaguna a bugu presses.

A cikin tarihin wallafe-wallafe masana'antu a 1500 yana dauke da wani alama. A wannan lokaci, da littafin samarwa ya zama tartsatsi, duk da wajen babban kudin. A lokaci guda buga kafin 1500 bazawa da ake kira "incunabula" - samar a cikin "shimfiɗar jariri," na littafin, saki daga baya a wannan shekara, da muka samu da sunan "palaeotypes" - "haihuwa littattafai."

Fara buga a Rasha Dates baya ga 1550 shekara. Yayin da gwamnan ya Ivan Grozny, wanda ya da wani gagarumin goyon baya ga ci gaban typography. Amma, abin takaici, na farko da littattafai da aka saki, "m" (bai ƙunshi fitarwa data). Saboda haka, tarihi ba a rubuta bayanai a kan ta farko bugu.

An yi imani da cewa Ivan Fedorov zama na farko da printer a Rasha. Fito da su, "Manzo," Maris 1, 1564 ya zama wani abin koyi na buga art na lokaci. Wannan littafi da aka sake a karkashin laimar da kuma a kan umarnin da Lardi Macarius. A littafin ne a classic fassarar koyarwar Kirista ne mabiyan Kristi. Yana tsara wani littafin addini Figures.

A 1565, Fedorov a wuri tare da mataimakin Petrom Mstislavtsem saki ya zama mafi m littafin "Breviary." Haka ne, ya farkon Rasha typography. Followers Fedorov bayan saki "Zabura." A general B16 karni goma sha tara littattafai da aka buga a cikin Moscow bugu gidan. Daga bisani, a jihar bugu gidan da aka fadada. Yana fara aiki proofreaders, editoci da sauran kwararru.