Faransa Wars Addini: haddasawa, saukarwa, sakamakon

Faransa addini wars 'yan interruptions daga 1562 zuwa 1589 shekaru. Babban jam'iyyun da rikici kasance Katolika da kuma Huguenots (Protestants). A sakamakon yawa yaƙe-yaƙe, ya canji na mulki daular, kazalika da bunqasar na da hakkin ya sami yancin yin addini.

abubuwan da ake bukata

Kazamin Faransa Wars Addini tsakanin Katolika da Furotesta ya fara a 1562. Ta yana da 'yan waje dalilai da kuma muhimmi haddasawa. A XVI karni Faransa jama'a da aka raba biyu irreconcilable sansanonin - Katolika da Furotesta. A sabon koyaswa shiga cikin kasar daga Jamus. Magoya bayansa jãyayya ga abandonment na wasu halaye na cocin Katolika (sayar da indulgences, matsayi da sauransu. D.).

Mafi mashahuri Protestant ƙungiyoyi a Faransa ya zama Calvinism. Mabiyansa aka kira Huguenots. Aljihuna na wannan rukunan aka watsar a fadin kasar, wanda shi ne dalilin da ya sa wani addini yaki a Faransa ya na irin wannan gagarumin sikelin.

Korol Frantsisk Na kasance na farko monarch ga kokarin hana yaduwar sabon karkatacciyar koyarwa. Sai ya umarta a kwata na Huguenot rubuce-rubucen da wanda ya tafi Katolika agitation. Domin sarakunan encroachment a kan m bangaskiya ya kai farmaki a kan nasu iko. Wancan, da shi tunani na Valois, saboda wanda ya fara wani addini yaki a Faransa.

Tauye hakkin da Huguenots

Nasara da Francis Henry II har ma fiye da wazo dauki sama da kawar da Protestantism a kasar. A 1559 aka sanya hannu Kato Kambreziysky duniya, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen dogon-Italian War. Bayan da sarki da kuma sojojinsa hannuwa untied. Yanzu a cikin ikon ƙarshe ya zo free albarkatun da za su iya ba har da yaki da karkatacciyar koyarwa. A cikin latest doka na Henry II barazanar m kona a kan gungumen azaba. Amma ko da wadannan gestures jihar da wani sakamako a kan yaduwar Calvinism. By 1559 a Faransa akwai 5000 al'ummomi a cikin abin da mabiya na wannan rukunan rayu.

Tare da Accession zuwa kursiyin qananan sarki Francis II ga duk lardin majalisu da aka kafa wuta jam'iyya. A ake kira m kotuna, wanda dismantled da Protestant dalili. Wadannan cibiyoyin ake dubawa Giza - iko iyali na sarki-yaro. A farkon na addini wars a Faransa da kuma mafi yawan su zubar da jini ta'allaka ne a kan lamirinsu.

Amuazsky mãkirci

Giza ( 'yan'uwa Francois da Charles) da aka ƙi da yawa manya - daya saboda ya despotism, da sauran saboda na addini matsayi. Aristocrats, disgruntled zumunta na sarki, nan da nan bayan kafa wuta bẽnãye shirya makircin. Wadannan bayin son kama a qananan Francis kuma tambaye shi da hakkin ya zabi addini (watau, 'yancin tunani).

A mãkirci aka gano a kan Hauwa'u na kisa. Francis tare da m Gudun a Amboise. Duk da haka, 'yan maƙarƙashiya ba watsi da su da tsare-tsaren da kuma kokarin kama da ikon sarki dama a cikin birnin. A shirin ya gaza. Mutane da yawa manya mutu a yaƙi, yayin da wasu da aka kashe bayan. Wadanda events na Maris 1560 ya zama dalili, saboda wanda ya karya wani addini yaki a Faransa.

Fashewa yaki

Just kamar wata biyu bayan da ya gaza hadin kai Francis II mutu saboda matalauta kiwon lafiya. Kursiyin shige wa ɗan'uwansa, Charles IX, a cikin tsawon farkon wanda ya jihadi a Faransa. Shekara 1562 aka alama ta farko ramuwar gayya a kan Huguenots a Champagne. A Duke na sunan da kuma sojojinsa sun kai hari kan m zanga-zanga cikin lumana aikata ibada. Wannan taron shi ne alama ga barkewar wata babbar yaki.

A Huguenots, kamar yadda Katolika, suka yi shugabanninsu. A farko daga cikinsu shi ne Prince Lyudovik De Conde na Bourbon. Bayan da ya faru, a Champagne, ya kama da dama garuruwa, yin Orleans karfi na Protestant juriya ga hukumomi. Huguenots kafa wani kawance da Jamus mulkoki da Ingila - ƙasashe inda kawai yayi kokawa da Katolika tasiri. Karyata a cikin yakin rikici waje sojojin ko fiye dada tabarbare da addini wars a Faransa. Sai da na ɗauki shekaru a kasar ya m duk da albarkatun da kuma zubar da jini a karshe zo a yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin jam'iyyun.

An muhimmanci alama da rikici ya cewa wars kasance da dama. A zubar da jini da fara, sai ya tsaya, sai a koma a sake. Saboda haka, tare da 'yan interruptions, akwai wani yaki daga 1562 zuwa 1598 shekaru. A lokaci na farko ya kare a 1563, lokacin da Huguenots da Katolika rattaba hannu kan wata doka da Amboise. A karkashin wannan yarjejeniya, da 'yan Protestants, da aka ba dama addininsu a wasu lardunan kasar. A jam'iyyun zo zuwa wata yarjejeniya tare da aiki shiga tsakani Ekateriny Medichi - uwar uku Faransa sarakuna (François II, Charles IX da Henry III). A kan lokaci da shi ya zama protagonist da rikici. Sarauniya Uwar aka fi sani ga zamani mutumin a cikin titi saboda classic tarihi labari Dyumy.

Biyu da na uku yaki

Giza sun m da asasshe ga Huguenots. Sun fara kama Katolika masõya kasashen waje. A lokaci guda a cikin 1567 da Furotesta, kazalika 'yan shekaru kafin, kokarin kama da kãmamme sarki. Da ya faru, da aka sani a matsayin mamaki ga Mo, ya zo da kome ba. Hukumomi kirawo shugabannin Huguenots - da Prince of Conde da kuma Count Gaspard Coligny. Suka ƙi yin zo Paris, wanda shi ne alama ga zaman majalisar na zubar da jini.

A Sanadin yaƙe-yaƙe na addini a Faransa sa a gaskiyar cewa rikon yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da ta shafi kananan concessions da Furotesta, bai gamsar da wani daga cikin jam'iyyun. Saboda wannan insoluble musu rikici da aka sabunta kuma da sake. Na biyu yaki ƙare a watan Nuwamba 1567 saboda da mutuwar daya daga cikin shugabannin Katolika - da Duke na Montmorency.

Amma kawai 'yan watanni baya, a watan Maris, da 1568-th, a kan filayen na Faransa sake Rang bindigar da kuma kukan mutuwa sojoji. Uku War yafi ya faru a lardin Languedoc. Furotesta kusan dauki Poitiers. Da suka gudanar je Ron da kuma tilasta wa hukumomi za su yarda da sake. Huguenot gata aka mika bisa ga yarjejeniyar da Saint-Germain-en-Laye, ya sa hannu a kan 15 Agusta 1570. Freedom addini da aka kafa a cikin ƙasa na dukan na Faransa fãce Paris.

Aure na Henry da kuma Margot

A 1572, ta koli ta kai addini wars a Faransa. 16th karni halarta da yawa na jini da kuma abubuwan da suka faru. Amma watakila babu wani daga cikinsu iya kwatanta wa St. Bartholomew da dare. Tun da kisan kiyashin da Huguenots, shirya Katolika aka mai suna historiography. Tashin hankalin ya faru a kan Agusta 24, 1572 a kan Hauwa'u na da ranar da Manzo Bartholomew. Masana kimiyya ba daban-daban kimomi da yadda da yawa lokaci aka kashe Furotesta. An yi} iyasin ba wani adadi na game da 30 da mutane dubu - wani adadin unprecedented ga ajalinsa.

Rikicin da aka riga da dama muhimmanci events. Tun 1570 a takaice tsaya da addini wars a Faransa. Kwanan wata na sayi na Saint-Germain yarjejeniya da aka lokaci ga kasar ƙãre ba. Amma mafi m Katolika, ciki har da iko Giza, ba ya so ya yarda da wannan daftarin aiki. Daga cikin abubuwan, suka adawa da bayyanar a fādar sarki Gaspard Coligny - daya daga cikin shugabannin da Huguenots. Admiral talented soja kurum marar da goyon bayan Charles IX. Monarch son taimakawa kwamandan a haɗe zuwa ƙasarsu da Netherlands. Saboda haka, siyasa da muradi rinjãya a kan addini.

Ekaterina Medichi kuma ga wani lokaci dampen su ardor. A taskar da aka ba da isasshen kudi don ci gaba da wani bude adawa da Furotesta. Saboda haka, da sarauniya-uwa yanke shawarar yin amfani da diflomasiyya da kuma dynastic hanyoyin. Tsakar gida Paris amince da aure tsakanin Margaritoy Valua ( 'yar Catherine), da Henry na Navarre - wani shugaba na Huguenots.

Kisa na St. Bartholomew

A bikin aure da aka yi bikin a Paris. Saboda wannan, a cikin yawanci Katolika birni ya zo da wata babbar lambar da Huguenots - da magoya bayan Genriha Navarrskogo. A yanayi a cikin babban birnin kasar shi ne mafi m. Commoners ƙi Furotesta, zargin da su daga abin da suke matsaloli. A saman da ikon babu hadin kai dangane da mai zuwa bikin aure.

A bikin aure ya faru a kan 18 ga watan Agusta, 1572. Bayan kwana 4 na Admiral Coligny aka tuki daga LOUVRE kora daga gidan, wanda ya kasance daga Gizam. Shi ne mai shirya kisan gilla. The shugaban na Huguenots ya ji rauni, amma na tsira. Duk da haka, abin da ya faru shi ne na karshe rauno. Bayan kwana biyu, a kan dare na Agusta 24, Ekaterina Medichi umurce su da su fara da kisan kiyashin da Huguenots, wanda ya ba bar Paris. A farkon da yaƙe-yaƙe na addini a Faransa da aka buga da ya Sahaban da mugun hali. Amma abin da ya faru a 1572, shi bai je wani kwatanta da haihuwa munin fadace-fadace da kuma fadace-fadace.

Kashe dubban mutane. Gaspar Kolini, a kan Hauwa'u tsallaka rijiya mutuwa, ya ce ban kwana ga rai na daya daga cikin na farko. Genrihu Navarrskomu (nan gaba Sarki Henry IV) gudanar ya tsira kawai godiya ga cẽto na kotu na sabon iyali. St. Bartholomew ya da wani taron, canza hanya da rikici, da aka sani a tarihi kamar yadda Faransa Wars Addini. A kwanan wata na kisan kiyashin da aka Huguenots alama da asarar da yawa daga shugabanninsu. Bayan da tsoro da kuma rudani a cikin babban birnin kasar na kasar gudu, bisa ga daban-daban kimomi, game da 200 dubu Huguenots. Su mayar da su cikin German mulkoki, Ingila da kuma Poland, ya zama a matsayin mai nisa daga jini Katolika hukumomi. Valois ayyuka da aka yi masa hukuncin da yawa shugabanni na lokaci, ciki har da Ivanom Groznym.

ci gaba da rikici

Radadin canji da kuma addini wars a Faransa, ya kai ga cewa kasar ba ta san duniya tsawon shekaru da dama. Bayan St. Bartholomew batu na ba mai da an wuce. Bangarorin sun daina duba ga wani sassaucin ra'ayi, da kuma jihar sake zama wanda aka azabtar da juna zubar da jini. A karo na hudu yaki ya ƙare a 1573-m, amma a cikin 1574-m matattu Korol Karl IX. Ya da wani magaji, saboda haka to Paris zo ya yi mulkin ƙanensa Henry III, wanda a baya da wani gajeren lokaci zuwa zauna autocrat Poland.

A sabon monarch sake kewaye kansa m sunan. Yanzu da addini wars a Faransa, a takaice, sake maido da sake, saboda gaskiyar cewa Henry ba ya mallakar wasu yankuna na kasar. Alal misali, a cikin Champagne mamaye Jamus Count Palatine, wanda ya zo da ceto na gida Furotesta. A daidai wannan lokaci akwai wata matsakaici Katolika jam'iyyar, a historiography da aka sani da "disgruntled". Wakilai na wannan yunkuri na bayar da shawarwari da kafa addini haƙuri a kasar. Sun hade da yawa m sani, na gaji da m yaki. A karo na biyar yaki "disgruntled" da kuma Huguenots sõyayya da Valois. Giza sake ci, da waɗanda da sauransu. Bayan wannan, da yawa daga cikin "m" da aka kashe kamar yadda gwamnatin cin amanar.

The Katolika League

A 1576, Henri de sunan kafa Katolika League, wanda, baya ga Faransa, ya shiga Jesuits, Spain da kuma shugaban Kirista. Manufar na jam'iyya shi ne karshe shan kashi na Huguenots. Bugu da kari, league gefen sun aristocrats wanda ya so ya iyakance ikon sarki. Addini yaƙe-yaƙe da cikakken daular mulkinsu a Faransa a lokacin da biyu da rabi na XVI karni sun babban dalilai influencing cikin shakka daga tarihin wannan kasa. Lokaci ya nuna cewa bayan nasarar da Bourbon sarakunan ikon kawai girma, duk da kokarin da nobility iyakance shi, karkashin inuwar gwagwarmaya da Furotesta.

Katolika League kaddamar da wani shida yaki (1576-1577), a cikin abin da hakkokin da Huguenots sakamakon da aka muhimmanci iyakance. Su cibiyar na da tasiri canja zuwa kudu. A gane shugaba a cikin Protestant Genrih Navarrsky zama, bayan bikin aure, abin da ya faru wani lokaci a cikin St. Bartholomew ranar kisan kiyashin.

Sarkin karamin mulki a Pyrenees, wanda ya kasance daga cikin Bourbon daular, ya zama magājin ga Faransa kursiyin kawai saboda childlessness dan Ekateriny Medichi. A Henry III ba da zũriyarmu, sa monarch a wani m matsayi. Bisa ga dynastic dokokin, nasara da shi ne ya kusa dangi a namiji line. Abin mamaki, sai ta zama Genrih Navarrsky. Da fari dai, ya kuma zo daga St. Louis, da kuma abu na biyu, da mai nema ya auri 'yar'uwarsa Marguerite monarch (Margot).

War na uku Henry

Dynastic rikicin ya kai ga yaki uku Henry. Suka yi jihãdi a tsakãninsu takwara - Sarkin Faransa, King of Navarre da Duke na sunan. Wannan rikici, wanda ya tafi daga 1584 zuwa 1589 shekara shi ne na karshe a cikin jerin addini yaƙe-yaƙe. Henry III rasa yaƙin neman zaɓe. A May 1588 farko mazauna Paris tayar masa, bayan da ya gudu zuwa Blois. A Faransa babban birnin kasar zo da Duke na sunan. Bayan 'yan watanni, sai aka zahiri shine mai mulkin kasar.

Don ko ta yaya warware rikici, sunan da kuma Valois amince da rike da wani taro na cikin States-Janar a Blois. Duke isa can makale. Guards kashe Sarkin Giza, kariya, kuma daga baya ɗan'uwansa. Mayaudara yi na Henry III bai ƙara zuwa da shahararsa. Katolika ka kau da kai daga gare shi, da kuma Paparoma, kuma duk la'anta.

A lokacin rani na 1589, Henry III da wuka Dominican m Jacques Mai haƙuri. A kisa da aka iya da taimakon ƙirƙira takardun don samun wani sauraro na Sarki. Lokacin da masu gadi raba for Heinrich, m abke shiga Bugu da kari stylet. A kisa da aka yanyanke a kan tabo. Amma Henry III ya mutu daga halinsa. Yanzu, kome ya hana Sarkin Navarre zama mai mulkin Faransa.

doka na Pacification

Genrih Navarrsky ya zama Sarki na France 2 ga watan Agusta 1589 shekara. Ya kasance mai Protestant, amma domin samun da qafafunku a kan kursiyin, ya tuba zuwa Katolika. Wannan harka yarda Henry IV ya sami gafarar zunubai da Paparoma ga tsohon "karkata," views. A shekara ta farko da ta sarautar da monarch ciyar yaƙi da siyasa hammayarsu da kuma da'awar iko a ko'ina cikin kasar.

Sai da bayan ya yi nasara a cikin 1598, Henry bayar da doka da Nantes, wanda da cikakken 'yancin addini a ko'ina cikin kasar. Kamar wancan ƙare da addini yaƙe-yaƙe da tabbatarwa daga cikin daular mulkinsu a Faransa. Bayan fiye da shekaru talatin da zubar da jini zo da dogon-jiran zaman lafiya a kasar. Huguenots tsiwirwirinsu sabon hakkoki da abubuwan da tsawwala kudin tallafi daga gwamnatin. A sakamakon addini wars a Faransa ne ba kawai a kawo karshen dogon rikici, amma kuma a cikin karkashin shugabancin tsakiya jihar a zamanin da Bourbon daular.