Fingerprinting - DNA profiling ne ...

Duk da haka dai mutumin ya fita ya alama a duk inda ya faru: fata Kwayoyin, gashi, da yau. Kuma da sel da epidermis kullum, albeit a kananan yawa, saki asiri: da gumi da kuma man shafawa. Sai a da kudi, da kuma akwai alamar yatsa a kan dukkan shafi batutuwa. Su kwaikwaya ne musamman domin kowane mutum. Saboda haka inda aikata fingerprinting, kuma me ya sa shi iya zama da amfani?

jigon

Fingerprinting - a kimiyya da karatu da papillary zane, wato, waɗanda sanduna a kan fata cewa kowane mutum a yãtsu. Bugu da kari, da ake kira tsari na ganewa na wani bugu na wadannan Lines. Gaskiyar cewa su ne musamman domin kowane mutum da su ne a kan dukan, abin da mutum ya shafa. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa shi ne mai kyau Hanyar ganewa, wajen sauki da kuma tasiri da za a yi amfani da dukan duniya.

tarihi baya

Da farko, manufar fingerprinting matsayin trasologii sashe da aka gayyace zuwa Argentine likita F. Lattsinoy a 1894. Kafin cewa aka yi amfani da ita ba gaba ɗaya dace Kalmar "iknafalangometriya". Sa'an nan fingerprinting dabaru da kuma su yi amfani da a na bincike kimiyya wanda ya shahara. Kimiyya gaskata ga shi ya ba da sanannen English Explorer Francis Galton, da tunani ne ci gaba da farko yadu saka a cikin yi Juan Vucetich. Ya ɓullo da wani rarrabuwa na kwafi, kuma daga baya - musamman yatsa rajista tsarin a wasu South American kasashe. Saboda haka sanya yiwu ganewa na mutane a cikin farkawa daga cikin papillary zane - daya daga cikin muhimman kayan aikin na zamani criminology.

Yana da wuya a ce abin da na ambata masana kimiyya ya ba da mafi girma da impetus ga wannan kimiyya, kamar yadda fingerprinting. Wannan wani lamari ne da cewa sau da yawa yana sa mai yawa shawara domin Galton ya tabbatar da cewa zanen yatsa wasan mutane daban-daban ta hanyar lissafi ba zai yiwu ba, kuma Vucetich tsanani yuwuwa ganewa na matsalar da kanta. Mafi m, a gaskiya, taka muhimmiyar rawa ne hade da wadannan nasarori.

DNA profiling

Idan karkashin al'ada gane fingerprinting, abin da ake amfani da nan? Babu shakka cewa bincike na DNA. Yana da yafi m kuma daidai kayan aiki. Idan al'ada fingerprinting iya jure wasu kuskure, da kuskure ne kusan shafe saboda DNA na kowane mutum ne na musamman. genotyping Hanyar da aka ɓullo da a 1984 da wani rukuni na masu bincike karkashin jagorancin Alex Dzheffresa. Ya zama shahararren domin an yi amfani da wasu sananne laifi lokuta, kazalika a wani ya faru a shafe kwallon kafa player OJ. Simpson a 1995.

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Wannan ganewa Hanyar aka sanya yiwu ta musamman tsarin mutum DNA. Gaskiyar cewa game da 95% na kwayoyin ne da ba-coding, Ina nufin ba kawo kayyade bayani, amma dauke da wani maimaita jerin, wanda za a iya yada da kai daga juna ko zama kusa. Shi ne a karshen harka, aka kira su da tauraron dan adam. Yawan maimaitawar a su iya zama sosai daban-daban, kuma idan ka dauki wani daban-daban mutane, shi ne ba tabbas zai dace ba.

Akwai gungu a cikin abin da yawan jerin ne sosai kananan - an kira su mini-da tauraron dan adam. Kuma a wani wuri a cikin DNA daga kowane mutum yana da biyu irin Tsarin, daya daga kowane iyaye. DNA profiling ne wani bincike na wadannan mini-da tauraron dan adam. Ta hanyar yana yiwuwa tare da isasshen daidaito a gane mutum, wanda nasa ne da jigidar halittar DNA. Yau, da wannan dabara taka guda rawa a matsayin daya zanan yatsu. Amma idan da laifi zai iya goge shirinku, kada ka bar kowane irin jiki alama na girmama mazauninsa, wato, barbashi na fata, da jini, da yau, gashi, da sauransu. E., Shin kusan ba zai yiwu.

daidaito

DNA profiling bambanta quite high AMINCI, cewa shi ne, a karkashin wasu matsayin da dama gwajin sakamakon samu a dakunan gwaje-gwaje daban-daban ba daban-daban. A kan ci gaban wasu sharudda ga kowa da kowa na da irin wannan bincike ne yanzu kawai aiki a kan.

Amma ga daidaito, yiwuwar samun daidaituwa na bincikar DNA guda daga mutane daban-daban ne negligible. An ce cewa chances na shi mafi girma idan muna magana ne game da mafi kusantar dangi, su sakamakon zai zama irin wannan a cikin wani hali. Bugu da kari, na daidaiton genotyping yana da wani gagarumin tasiri da ingancin littattafai. Shi ne abu daya - auku fingerprinting, cewa shi ne za a gwada aikin, da kuma quite wani - don kokarin ware DNA daga ɗigon bushe jini ko yau.

zamani aikace-aikace

Akwai kananan kewayon yanayi a wanda irin wannan hanya iya zama da amfani. Da farko, wannan shi ne wani yanki na laifi. ake zargi da ta da laifi za a iya tabbatar da, misali, idan fata Kwayoyin da ake samu a karkashin yatsun da aka azabtar, DNA daidai da tare da shi. Domin na bincike DNA profiling - a real find, taimaka wajen gano ainihi daga cikin aikata wannan laifi.

A dama sauran yanayi da bukatar shiri na DNA-bayanan martaba, wannan muhawara game da ubanci da kuma gādo. A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, wadannan gwaje-gwaje sun zama quite rare da kuma samuwa.

Bugu da kari, genotyping da ake amfani da binciken burbushin gano tarihi da kuma dangantakar jama'a daban-daban. By nazarin da DNA na zamani mutane da aka yi ban sha'awa binciken da kuma balanci zato.

A karshe, wannan dabara da ake amfani a dabba kiwo tabbatar da tsarki na irin ko monitoring na bambancin kwayoyin.

Inda kuma yadda za a yi?

Fingerprinting tafi sauki. Yana da matukar sauki da kuma cikakken m hanya. Don fara da yatsu rufe da wani musamman fenti, sa'an nan yin kwafi a kan takarda. Duk da haka, a da yawa cibiyoyin shi gudanar da kwamfuta scan na papillary alamu - shi ba ka damar rabu da matsaloli, bi da digitization.

Daga shekarar 2015 zuwa sha wannan hanya wajibi ne a samar a Rasha na sabon ƙarni fasfo. Bugu da kari, lokacin da ake ji, misali, wata Birtaniya visa, ka kuma bukatar da za a fingerprinted. Amma ba za ka iya yi da shi da yardar - kawai zuwa mafi kusa reshe na Tarayya Hijira Service.

Idan akwai wata tambaya game da inda ya sa DNA fingerprinting, akwai wata hanya zuwa ga na musamman likita cibiyoyin. Kamar yadda rage daga cikin gwajin kudin da kuma rarraba ake bukata domin ta ganin kayan aiki irin cibiyoyin da aka girma. Shi ne, misali, Cibiyar kwayoyin Genetics, inda sakamakon za a iya samu a cikin wani aiki mako na 10-20 dubu rubles, da kuma Research Institute of Medical Auren, inda bincike za kudin game da wannan adadin. A kayan yawanci shi ne jini ko buccal epithelium (shafa, wanda aka dauka daga cikin ciki na kumatunta). Babu shakka cewa wannan hanya ne kuma m, kuma kusan m.

da'a al'amurran da suka shafi

A yawan lauyoyi yi imani da cewa halittar wani tsarin hada da wani yatsa ko kwayoyin abu ba kawai laifi amma kuma talakawa m 'yan ƙasa, shi ne saba wa muhimman hakkokin yan-adam, a cikin hali na kama-karya zuwa sha wadannan hanyoyin. A general damuwa ne a yiwu hutu-a guda database, wanda zai haifar samun dama marar izini ga sirri bayanai, kamar yadda DNA profiling - wannan shi ne ainihin wani DNA fasfo, da kuma irin wannan bayani ya kamata ba kawai a cikin jama'a yankin.

Bugu da kari, cikin tarin da kuma m sabunta irin wannan database - mai tsada sosai yarda, da kuma halin kaka ne a fili fada a kan kafadu na biyan haraji. Kamar yadda duniya da kuma Rasha yi, shi ya sa hankali domin iyakance da'irar mutane ga wanda fingerprinting zai sha wajibi soja ma'aikata, jami'an tsaro, ma'aikata, da kuma, ba shakka, kaso ko bauta wa wani administrative kama. Ga Sauran hanya na fingerprinting ko bayarwa kayyade abu ya zama wajibi a son rai.