Gabashi da Yammacin Jamus: deciphering acronyms. Ilimi da kuma ƙungiyar na Jamus da kuma Jamus Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar

1945-1948 shekaru kasance sosai shiri, wanda ya haifar da rabo daga Jamus da kuma bayyanar da taswirar Turai tsakanin kasashen biyu kafa maimakon - West da gabashin Jamus. Deciphering sunayen kasashen da ban sha'awa a kanta da kuma hidima a matsayin mai kyau hoto na daban-daban na zamantakewa vector.

postwar Jamus

Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, Jamus da aka raba tsakanin biyu sansani na zama. A gabashin kasar shagaltar da ta Soviet Army, yammacin ɓangare aka shagaltar da ta majiɓinta. A yammacin kansu ne a hankali karfafa, karkarar aka raba tarihi asashe, gudanar da kananan hukumomi. A Disamba 1946, an yanke shawarar ci Birtaniya da kuma Amirka zama zones - kafa da ake kira .. Buffalo. Sai ya zama zai yiwu don ƙirƙirar guda ƙasar management iko. Kamar wancan ne aka halicci tattalin arziki Council - zabe Gabar izini ga tattalin arziki da kudi yanke shawara.

Fage tsaga

Farko na dukan waɗannan yanke shawara a kan aiwatar da "Marshall Shirin" - a manyan-hawansa Amurka kudi aikin da nufin maido da tattalin arzikin kasashen Turai da suka hallaka a lokacin yaki. "A Marshall Shirin" gudummawar da rabuwa da gabashin yankin na zama, a matsayin Soviet gwamnati ba yarda da tayin taimako. A nan gaba, daban-daban wahayi na nan gaba na masõya da kuma Tarayyar Soviet a Jamus ya jagoranci wani tsaga na kasar da kuma m samuwar na FRG da kuma gudun hijirar.

Jamus ilimi

Yammacin wurare suna bukatar cikakken jam'iyya da kuma na aikin jiha matsayi. A shekara ta 1948, da shawarwarin da aka gudanar yammacin m kasashen. A taron sa a ra'ayin wani West Jamus jihar. A cikin wannan shekara zuwa Bizonia shiga Faransa zama zone - ta haka ne da ake kira Trizoniya aka kafa. A yammacin ƙasashen kudin gyara tare da gabatarwar da kansa monetary naúrar na yawa da aka kashe. Soja gwamnonin hada ƙasar shelar akida, da kuma yanayi na halittar wani sabon jihar, musamman da girmamawa da aka sanya a kan shi na Tarayya. A May 1949, a kan shirye-shiryen da kuma tattaunawa da ta kundin tsarin mulki. A jihar da aka kira Jamus. Dikodi mai sunan sauti kamar tarayyar Jamus. Saboda haka, bada shawarwari da aka dauke da Länder gwamnatoci, da kuma alama Republican ka'idodinta shugabanci.

Geographically, da sabon kasar da aka ayi a kan 3/4 na ƙasar, wanda shagaltar da tsohon Jamus. Jamus da ta babban birnin kasar - da birnin Bonn na kasar. Gwamnatin Yammacin-kawance kasashen a cikin anti-Hitler hadaka, ta hanyar da gwamnonin nuna iko a kan kiyaye hakkin dan adam da kuma norms na da doka da oda, sarrafa ta kasashen waje da manufofin, yana da hakkin ya shiga tsakani a duk duniyoyin na tattalin arziki da kimiyya da ayyukan da ke jihar. A kan lokaci, ƙasar matsayi da aka tarwatsa a cikin ni'imar cin gashin kansu ga German ƙasar.

gudun hijirar

A tsari na halittar jihar shi a gabashin Jamus jihohin shagaltar da Tarayyar Soviet sojojin. Kula Authority a gabas ya SMAD - Soviet Soja Administration. Yana da aka halitta karkashin kulawa na SMAD kananan hukumomi lantdagi -. SMAD-in-Chief, kuma a gaskiya - mai shi daga Gabashin Jamus, aka nada marshal Zhukov. Zaben zuwa ga sabon hukumomin da aka za'ayi bisa ga dokokin da Tarayyar Soviet, watau. E. Tare aji Lines. Musamman domin na Fabrairu 25, 1947 An narkar da Prussian jihar. Da karkararta aka raba tsakanin sabon asashe. Sashe na daga cikin sabon-kafa tako Kaliningrad yankin, duk ƙauyuka na tsohon Prussia suka Russified da kuma sake masa suna, da kuma yankin da aka zaunar da Rasha baƙi.

Hukumance SMAD jagoranci soja iko a kan ƙasa daga Gabashin Jamus. Gudanarwa management ta kwamitin tsakiya na SED, wanda gaba daya sarrafawa da soja hukumomi. A mataki na farko shi ne nationalization na Enterprises da kuma ƙasar, kwata na dukiya da kuma rarraba shi a kan wani gurguzu akai. A kan aiwatar da redistribution na data kasance administrative naúrar, ya zaci cikin ayyukan jihar iko. A watan Disamba na shekarar 1947 shi ya fara aiki da Jamusanci majalisar wakilan jama'ar. A ka'idar, da Congress ya gama bukatun kasashen yamma da kuma gabas ta Jamus, amma a gaskiya a yammacin ƙasashen da tasiri ya negligible. Bayan kadaici da yammacin ƙasashen NOC fara yin ayyuka na majalisar kawai a gabashin yankuna. Biyu National Congress, kafa a cikin watan Maris shekarar 1948, aka gudanar da gudunmawata ayyukan alaka da kundin tsarin mulki SHIRYA kunno kai ƙasashe. En, musamman domin na Jamus lamba da aka gudanar - don haka, biyar Jamus jihohi a sashi na Soviet zama, sun sauya zuwa guda kudin. A May 1949 gurguzu kundin tsarin mulki na a mulkin demokra] jihar da aka soma da kuma kafa Inter-ƙungiya zamantakewa da siyasa na kasa gaba. Shiri na, a gabacin ƙasa da samuwar wani sabon jihar da aka kammala. Oktoba 7, 1949 a wani taro na Jamus Majalisar Koli ta sanar da kafa wani sabon jiki na m jihar ikon, da ake kira wucin Mutane majalisar kasar. A gaskiya, wannan rana za a iya daukan matsayin ranar haihuwa na da sabuwar jihar, halitta a Jamus counterweight. Deciphering sunayen sabuwar jiha a Gabas Jamus - Jamus Democratic Republic, babban birnin kasar na gudun hijirar ya zama Gabas Berlin. A halin da West Berlin an amince dabam. Domin shekaru masu yawa, da tsoho babban birnin kasar na Jamus ya kasu kashi biyu sassa na Berlin bango.

ci gaba na Jamus

Development of kasashe irin su Jamus da kuma Jamus Democratic Republic, za'ayi da daban-daban tattalin arziki tsarin. "A Marshall Shirin" da kuma yadda ya dace da tattalin arziki Politika Lyudviga Erhrada yarda to da sauri dauke da tattalin arzikin a yammacin Jamus. Manyan GDP girma da aka sanar da Jamusanci tattalin arziki mu'ujiza. Barancen zuwanshi daga gabas ta tsakiya, da inflow na cheap aiki. A cikin 50s da jam'iyyar CDU soma da dama da muhimmanci dokokin. Daga cikin su - a ban na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis, da kawar da duk sakamakon da Nazi ayyukan, wani ban a kan wasu fasahohin. A shekara ta 1955, tarayyar Jamus shiga NATO.

A ci gaba da gudun hijirar

The jikin na gudun hijirar gwamnati, wanda shi ne ke da alhakin gudanar da Jamus nata, suka daina wanzuwa a cikin 1956, lokacin da aka yanke shawarar zuwa liquidate karamar hukumar. Duniya zama da aka sani kananan hukumomi, da zartarwa ya fara wakiltar gundumar majalisa. A lokaci guda shi ya fara da za a maniyyi a hali daba m akidar gurguzu. Sovietization manufofin da nationalization kai ga dawo da aiwatar da kasar post-yaki karfi tsaurara, musamman kan bango na Jamus tattalin arziki da samun nasara.

Shiri na gudun hijirar dangantakar Jamus

Deciphering da sabani tsakanin biyu, niƙaƙƙun gaɓãɓuwa na daya a jihar hankali normalize dangantakar dake tsakanin kasashen biyu. A 1973, da yarjejeniyar shiga karfi. Yana kayyade dangantaka tsakanin FRG da kuma gudun hijirar. A watan Nuwamba na wannan shekara, Jamus ya gane gudun hijirar matsayin mai zaman kanta a jihar, kasar kulla dangantakar diplomasiyya. A gudun hijirar tsarin mulki da ra'ayin da aka gabatar don ƙirƙirar wani united Jamus al'umma.

A karshen gudun hijirar

A shekarar 1989, akwai wani karfi na siyasa motsi "New Forum" a cikin gudun hijirar, wanda ya haddasa jerin disturbances da kuma zanga-zangar a duk manyan biranen gabashin Jamus. A sakamakon murabus daga shugaban SED gwamnati ya kasance daya daga cikin masu gwagwarmaya da "New Norum" Mr. Gysi. Gangamin da aka gudanar Nuwamba 4, 1989 a Berlin, inda bukatar 'yancin albarkacin baki, da kuma taro magana, ya riga an amince da hukumomi. Amsar da aka a dokar kyale 'yan gudun hijirar tsallaka jihar iyakar ba tare da wani dalili mai inganci. Wannan shawarar sa da fall na Berlin Wall, har shekaru da yawa raba Jamus babban birnin kasar.

Daidaituwa na Jamus da kuma Jamus Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar

A shekarar 1990, ikon a cikin gudun hijirar zo da Kirista Democratic Union, wanda nan da nan ya fara tuntubar tare da gwamnatin kasar Jamus kan batun daidaituwa na kasashe da kuma halittar guda jihar. Satumba 12 a Moscow rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya a kan karshe shiri na Jamus tambaya wakilan da tsohon masõya na anti-Hitler hadaka.

Daidaituwa na Jamus da kuma Gabas Jamus, dã mun kasance m ba tare da gabatarwar da guda kudin. An muhimmanci mataki a cikin wannan tsari shi ne amincewa da Jamus DM a matsayin na kowa kudin ga dukkan Jamus. Agusta 23, 1990 Mutane majalisar kasar ya yanke shawarar shiga, a gabacin ƙasa da Tarayyar Jamus. Bayan wannan an za'ayi a yawan sake fasalin cewa sun shafe gurguzu hukumomin gwamnati da kuma sake gina jihar jikuna a kan West Jamus model. 3 ga watan Oktoba, soke sojojin da rundunar motoci na Jamus Democratic Republic, kuma maimakon su a gabashin yankuna da aka sanya bundesmarine da Bundeswehr - da Jamus sojojin. Deciphering sunayen dogara ne a kan kalmar "Bundes", wanda yake nufin "federated". Official amincewa, a gabacin ƙasa a tarayyar Jamus ya tabbatar da tallafi na sabon kundin tsarin abokai na jama'a dokar.