Girma 1 tsara kwamfuta. Development of kwamfuta fasahar da kwamfuta ƙarni

Walwa - wani sabon abu da aka lura yanzu, mai yiwuwa, a duk ƙasashe na duniya. Ta rates masu ban sha'awa. Yana da ban sha'awa don gano yanayin a cikin abin da aka za'ayi tarihi. Za a ce da cewa walwa - sakamakon da din ci gaban da kwakwalwa da kuma software saki na fasaha don su? Mene ne tarihi matakai na fasaha ci gaban kwakwalwa?

Wancan, da shi kafin kwakwalwa?

Yana da ban sha'awa ya gano abin da irin na'urorin sun tarihi gabãta kwamfuta. Saboda haka, zai iya yiwuwa a lura da cewa a cikin 17th karni, na almara Faransa masanin kimiyya Pascal ƙirƙira shi, ya yi ĩmãni ya zama na farko ƙara inji, wanda sarrafa a kan inji akai. A farkon karni na 19th Birtaniya Explorer Babbage ƙirƙira farko hikimar tantance engine. Bayan 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, da American m halitta a Hollerith tabulator - lantarki na'ura, da wanda shi yiwuwa a lissafta da statistics. Daga baya aukuwa daga cikin manyan dakunan gwaje-gwaje a duniya a cikin shugabanci na samar da na'urorin da suke kusa da kwakwalwa a cikin zamani ji, aka rayayye ci gaba.

A farko kwakwalwa

Daya daga cikin duniya ta farko kwamfuta da aka ƙirƙira by wani American bincike W. Bush a 1930. A tarihin kwamfuta, shi ne mai cikakken dijital na'urorin, masana kimiyya da dama kidaya daga shekarar 1944, lokacin da wani ba Amurke Farfesa Ayknem tsara kwamfuta "Mark 1". A gaskiya, shi ne wata na'urar na da kwamfuta tsara 1. Mene ne ta fasali, za ka iya ambaci? Da farko, watakila, da zane girma. Girma 1 Generation kwakwalwa sun fice. Alal misali, "Mark-1" da tsawon game da 15 mita, tsawo -. About 2.5 m damar da farko dijital kwamfuta, ta zamani matsayin, aka gwada da suna fadin, amma da rawar a cikin tarihi na fasahar kwamfuta masana'antu ba za a iya overestimated. A shekarar 1946, sojojin Amirka ya gina kwamfuta "ENIAC". Girma 1 kwamfuta tsara misali na wannan na'urar iya ze ma fi ban sha'awa. Kwamfuta "ENIAC" yana da tsawon game da 30 m da kuma auna tan 30.

Mun yi sha'awa, ba shakka, ba kawai size of daya tsara na kwakwalwa, amma kuma wasu halaye na Game da irin na'ura. Ka yi la'akari da su, kazalika da m tarihi na fiye da kwakwalwa.

Features 1 kwamfuta ƙarni

Sarrafa kwamfuta 1 bisa ƙarni na electron shambura - a na'urar da cewa aiki da canza rafi na barbashi motsi daga cikin cathode ga anode. Babbar ka'idar m motsi - thermionic watsi. Daga farkon, kwakwalwa an gina a kan manufa da dabaru umarnin a kan rarraba 0 kuma 1. Wannan makirci ne ya aiwatar da haka ya zuwa yanzu. Yaya ta aiki a matsayin babban bangaren a PC yi amfani da fitilar? Very sauki. Inlet aka kafa a kan fitilar ƙarfin lantarki, misali 2 V. A fitarwa - kasa, kamar 1 V. A farko yanayin da aka rubuta a matsayin fitila 1, na biyu - kamar yadda 0. A hade da wadannan yanayi dangane da jam'i na dubban fitilu dimbin yawa inji code.

Tube kwakwalwa, da cewa shi ne, waɗanda suka kasance a cikin ƙarni guda iya yi game da dubu 20. Ayyuka da na biyu. A yawa ko ba yawa? Don kwatanta, da adadi ga yau inji mai kwakwalwa - biliyoyin ayyukan da na biyu. Amma ainihin matsalar daga waɗanda shekara, ciki har da a cikin soja Sphere, ƙarni na farko na kwamfuta halaye an quite yarda ka yi.

Computers na da irin wannan ba a halin high AMINCI. Just saboda fitilar ƙone fita akai-akai, su dole ne a canza. Game da girman da giant kwakwalwa, mun ce a sama. Wannan predetermines da mai girma matsaloli a harkokin sufuri, da ingantawa da wuri a cikin ginin. farko tsara kwamfuta kudin da aka sosai high - su iya iya sayan kawai manyan harkokin kasuwanci da kuma hukumomin gwamnati da manyan kasafin kudi. Har ila yau tube kwakwalwa da aka halin high aiki ta halin kaka - yafi cikin sharuddan kuzari. Aiki a kan su nema su jawo hankalin sosai m ma'aikata tare da m biyan su manyan albashi. Wani mutum wanda ya san akalla kwamfuta na'ura, ba a ma maganar da ikon shirin kwamfuta, ya rare da tsada m.

Bayani dalla-dalla na ƙarni na farko na kwakwalwa kuma cewa wadannan inji suna da hannu a cikin mutum shirye-shirye harsuna. Bugu da kari, a sa na kwamfuta umarnin kasance mai sauki isa. Kamar yadda irin wannan, da shirin - a cikin saba ji - a lokacin da yin amfani da ya dace da irin kwamfuta da aka ba amfani. Wannan shi ne saboda ba kawai ga fadin yi na kwamfutarka, amma kuma quite low tech ajiya na'urorin - sau da yawa da suka kasance naushi cards da Magnetic kaset, waxanda suke da cikakken ba m da saba gudun koran da mu.

Duk da haka, ta lura inconveniences injiniyoyi fara rayayye daidaita - yafi ta hanyar ci gaban da daban-daban aiki da lissafi mai tsauri aiki tare da 'yan qasar code. Duk da rashin tabuka na ƙarni na farko na kwakwalwa, yadda ya dace da su aiki har yanzu hankali kara.

Computer Generation 2

Duniya kwamfuta masana'antu bayan da aka ambata ƙirƙirãwa ya ci gaba wajen samar da hanzari. Da sabuwar dabara na "Mark-1", "ENIAC" da sauran motoci - shi ne kawai farkon. 2 kwamfuta tsara bayyana a cikin farkon 60s. Su babban alama - su ne maimakon fitilu transistors aka yi amfani. A sakamakon haka, inji yawan aiki ya karu. Bugu da kari, za mu tuna da cewa size of daya tsara kwamfutocin sun ban sha'awa. Farms for transistors, bi da bi, muhimmanci rage. Yadda fili amfani tabbatar da alkawari a cikin tsarin da ya dace fasaha mafita kwakwalwa? Isar da shi a ce cewa transistor 1 ya iya maye gurbin kusa da 40 fitilu. Inganta da kuma ma kafofin watsa labarai. The na'urar ne na biyu ƙarni na kwakwalwa iya shafar amfanin Magnetic faifai, rufe tsarin da kuma manufar da na'urar, wanda suke saba da zamani mai amfani.

A cikin sharuddan hannu na software duniya kwamfuta masana'antu kuma dauki wani mataki a gaba, godiya ga damar Game da na'ura irin. A harshen, na ga high-matakin category. Shirye-shirye sun ɓullo da fassara - hanyar da Game da lissafi mai tsauri aka fassara a cikin harshen amfani a cikin na'ura kwamfuta dokokin. Mun kuma aiwatar da ka'idodin gaba da wasu kwamfuta software tatsuniyoyinsu. Mun fara bayyana library aikace-aikace, daban-daban monitoring da tsarin, wanda sun zama prototypes na zamani Tsarukan aiki.

Duk da haka, duk da wasu yunkurin daidaita alkawari software Algorithms a daban-daban inji, daban-daban kwakwalwa da aka halin da iyaka karfinsu. Hada su, sai su yi magana, a cikin wani aure cibiyar sadarwa da kuma don gina a kan tushen da ta kamfanoni bayanai tsarin da aka wuya sosai.

Computer Generation 3

Labarin 3 ƙarnõni na kwakwalwa ta fara da inji, gina wanda ya fara da za a yi amfani da Hadakar haihuwarka, kowanne daga abin da, kamar yadda ya juya waje, zai iya maye gurbin game da 1,000 transistors. Kwaikwayon na kwakwalwa ya girma muhimmanci. Yanzu za ka iya gudu a kan wani kwamfuta da dama da software Algorithms lokaci guda. Mene ne ASIC? Wannan crystal na silicon, wanda yana da wani yanki daga game da 10 sq. mm. A cikin sharuddan yi, an kiyasta, a gaskiya ma, daya IC ne daidai da kwamfuta "ENIAC". Daga cikin shahararrun 3-tsara kwamfutocin - kwamfuta ci gaba da IBM - da System 360 na'ura.

Computers na irin wannan da aka halin da yawa mafi girma mataki na interoperability fiye da na'urar, mun tattauna a sama, ciki har da waɗanda suke a cikin software al'amari. A farko-tsara kwamfutocin 3 cikakken aiki da tsarin da aka aiwatar, iya yin mahara ayyuka a lokaci guda. Mutane da yawa daga cikin hardware siffofin sun fara canjawa wuri zuwa software Layer.

Kwamfuta 4 ƙarnõni

A cikin shekaru 70 da ake kira manyan sikelin-Hadakar haihuwarka aka sa a cikin taro samar. Abin da irin siffofin da za a iya lura? Da farko cewa, cewa su yawan aiki corresponded zuwa game da 1000 al'ada hadedde haihuwarka. A sakamakon haka, da duniya kwamfuta masana'antu yana da ikon samar da na'urar, girman da yi daidai ga wadanda wadda muka saba wa yau.

By inganta yawan ma'aikata Lines don samar da manyan sikelin-Hadakar haihuwarka da sauran key kwamfuta da aka gyara, kwakwalwa hankali ya zama mai rahusa. Idan na farko da na biyu (a cikin 50s da 60s) tsara kwamfutocin sun samuwa, kamar yadda muka gani a sama, da farko kawai zuwa manyan harkokin kasuwanci da kuma gwamnatin Tsarin, 1970 kwamfuta da aka rayayye sayen talakawa 'yan ƙasa.

walwa dalilai

Walwa ya zama wani taro sabon abu, musamman tare da zuwan intanet a cikin marigayi 80s. Ta rates kasance fi tsauri fiye da farashin ya zama m da ƙananan na'urorin - su size. Saboda haka, na farko PC, a da yawa hanyoyi, da kuma fasaha tsarin kama da wadanda saba mana a yau, ya bayyana a cikin tsakiyar 70s da farkon 80s. Daga cikin wadanda na'urorin - IBM PC, wanda ya zama samfur na fi prevalent sarrafa kwamfuta dandali a yau. Sun zama mafi kusa gasa zuwa PC cewa an rayayye samar da Apple. A babba bambanci tsakanin su - a cikin IBM ra'ayi na gaskiya, da kuma kusanci da Apple dandali. Daga cikin ra'ayinsa na software da kuma hardware tsarin da bambanci tsakanin PC iri kullum kananan. A IBM-dandali tsarin ƙunshi da wadannan key aka gyara irin matsayin processor, RAM, rumbun kwamfutarka, video da kuma sauti katin, motherboard. Duk da haka, da suka iya maye gurbinsu da wasu - a matsayin madadin, mafi m.

A halin yanzu ƙarni na kwakwalwa

Fasaha ajiye, wanda aka kafa ta injiniyoyi a cikin 70s, ya kasance haka gagarumin cewa kara raya kwamfuta masana da kuma manazarta bayyana a matsayin faruwa a cikin wannan 4th tsara. Wannan shine tsarin zamani high-karshen inji mai kwakwalwa sarrafa, in general, wannan akida, kamar yadda da na'urar da shekaru 40 da suka wuce. A wasu fannoni, kamar, misali, girman da kwamfuta, zamani kwakwalwa shakka gani fiye da technologically ci gaba. A wani na'ura tare da kananan size of littafin rubutu fit sarrafa kwamfuta ikon nisa wucewa wadanda sun, misali, a cikin farkon kwamfuta daga Apple ya 70s.

a ci gaba Concepts

Amma conceptually da PC cewa mu yi amfani da yau, sarrafa da makircinsu hidimar majagaba a kwamfuta 4 zamaninsu. Akwai wani sarari sharudda, wanda zai ba da damar a ce, in mun gwada magana, na farko IBM PC kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka da kuma na zamani iMac - kwamfuta ne daban-daban da al'ummomi. Performance dabam yadu, amma da manufar ne kullum guda.

A kan tushen da dandali miƙa ta IBM, ya aiwatar da mafi yau kwamfyutocin tebur, kwamfyutocin, AIO. By yawa sharudda, kuma ma ta hannu da na'urorin - wayoyin salula na zamani da Allunan - ta yi daidai da IBM-dandali, wanda ya bayyana a cikin 70s. Saboda haka, a kowane daga cikinsu, kamar yadda a cikin PC, akwai wani processor, memory, ajiya na'ura - wani analog na rumbunka.

Yana da wuya a ko da ce cewa fundamentally ya karu ta'aziyya matakin yin amfani da kwakwalwa, idan muka kwatanta da farko 4 ƙarnõni na PC kayayyaki da kuma na zamani alamu. Basic kwamfuta hardware controls - keyboard, linzamin kwamfuta - m, ba su canza a tsawon shekaru. Akwai, ba shakka, duk wani nau'i na touch fuska, kusanci nuni da wasu m mafita. Amma ba dukkan masu amfani da nasa shi isasshe m.

Inganta, ba shakka, da software mafita - da tsarin aiki (a cikin na farko 4 ƙarnõni na kwakwalwa sun samfurori, sarrafawa daga umurnin line Tsarukan aiki a yau sun hada da aikin zana mai amfani musaya), aikace-aikace software iri. A farko-daban na dacewa da shirye-shirye a cikin 70s kasance sosai sauki a tsarin.

Yau, shi ne iko kayayyakin na ganin na samar da ayyuka. Idan muka magana game da wasanni, bambanci ne kuma m. A cikin 70s shi ne kawai wani gidan kashe ahu, a yau sun ba da damar yin wani m nutsewa cikin rumfa sarari. Duk da haka, wasanni ne ake halittawa, da tsarin aiki da kuma aikace-aikace software a kan wannan lissafi mai tsauri a matsayin daidai mafita a cikin farkon shekaru na 4th ƙarni na kwamfuta ci gaba, sau da yawa a kan wannan shirye-shirye da harsuna.

Kwatanta kwamfuta ƙarnõni

Ka yi kokarin ganin da kamanta halaye na da kwamfuta tsara. Ta yaya zai aikata wannan? Yana da wani m zaɓi - a kamanta tebur na kwamfuta tsara. Yana za a iya wakilta a wani tsari, wata na nuna halayyar da kwamfuta key - yawan aiki da fasaha tushe, dangane da wanda ake yi lissafin.

Waɗannan su ne kamanta halaye na kwamfuta tsara. Mun ga yadda saurin bunkasuwar kwamfuta fasaha. Computers na daban-daban da al'ummomi - m misalai na da fitowan da kuma nasara gabatarwar a samar da mafi m da kuma high-tech aikin injiniya Concepts - biyu a kan hardware bangaren matakin, kazalika a software.

A daya hannun, za mu iya cewa walwa - wani sabon abu da ya ɓullo da hankali, tare da correlative karuwa a PC yi, suna mai rahusa da kuma sauki amfani. Amma akwai wani ra'ayi, a cikin abin da tsari a tambaya ne halin da lokaci na 2, a lõkacin da ya gaske galloping tafiyarka, kuma shi ne bayan bayyanar da kwamfuta 4 zamaninsu, kuma bayan canji na Internet, a duniya cibiyar sadarwa. Wadannan abubuwa guda biyu, kuma ya zama, a cewar wasu masu bincike, da key direbobi na walwa.