Greek Theater. History of Gidan wasan kwaikwayo

Duniya kewaye da mu a cikin misali na zamanin d Helenawa - shi ne scene na wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma mutane - da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya sauko daga sama zuwa ga taka rawar, sa'an nan ya shiga cikin abu wulakantacce. Bisa ga wannan hakan ba tare da ãyõyinMu, kuma cosmology samo asali Girkanci wasan kwaikwayo, wanda cikakken nuna addinin Helenawa. A karo na farko da wasanni sun warai addini a cikin yanayi, amma sannu a hankali cikin play ne samun kusa da real rayuwar talakawa mutane.

shahararsa

Ana zargin da Greek wasan kwaikwayo da ake dangantawa da wani addini daba na Dionysus, gunkin ciyayi, ruwan inabi girma, ruwan inabi shawara. Wakilci aka gina a kan mãkirci sadaukar da wannan wani sarari suKe kasancewarsa, kuma aka imbued tare da girmamawa bauta wa abin bautãwa. Greek gidan wasan kwaikwayo, ya bayyana a cikin VI karni BC kuma nan da nan ya zama wani ɓangare na rayuwa da jama'ar na Athens. A shahararsa za a iya hukunci da ta grandiose yi a kan wani dutse a wani amphitheater saliha up to 30,000 kallo.

ban mamaki karshe

Ancient Greek wasan kwaikwayo ya kumbura cikin sharuddan bambancin da wasanni, da akwai sun kasance m troupes na 'yan wasan kwaikwayo wanda wasa ba kawai wasan kwaikwayo da kuma bala'i dangantawa da Dionysus. Babban tragedians na tsufa - Euripides, Aeschylus, Sophocles - rubuta plays a cikin rãyuwar Greek al'umma, wanda dadin babban rabo mai girma. Musamman ma masu sauraro jin dadin da comedy of Aristophanes.

Dukan tarihin wasan kwaikwayo na zamanin d Girka ne akasin ma'anar wasanni. A mummunan yawanci nuna da camfin da Legends, a cikin abin da gumakan amsa kamar yadda iya karawa karaya karfi. play heroes yi yaƙi da mazaunan sama, ya mutu, amma bai ba up. Comedy, a daya hannun, sun funny da kuma sa ostrosatiricheskoy hali. Actors Greek wasan kwaikwayo bai nuna wani daraja da allolinku, da, wani lokaci ma suna izgili da su. Heroes comedies sun sauki mutane, sana'a, Kasuwanci, jami'an gwamnati, barorinsa, matan aure da.

Theatrical wasanni yawanci aka gudanar a kan lokaci na da Great Diyonisiyas, ɗan majalisar. A yi da aka shirya a kan wani madauwari dandali a kasa na amphitheater, wanda aka kira "orhestra". Akwai housed da mawaka mawaƙa suke su bi mataki. Mawaƙa koma a cikin wani da'irar, kuma daga cikinsu ya kasance wani actor wasa a rawa. Da farko, duk da ayyuka a cikin play, aka sa su guda mai yi. Domin ko ta yaya tsaya daga cikin kewaye ƙungiyar mawaƙa, actor sa takalma da high dandali - abin da ake kira buskins godiya ga wanda ya zama mafi girma da 15 santimita.

A tsarin da play

Ba da da ewa Athenian tragedian Aeschylus gabatar da wani biyu actor, kuma ta haka ne sa mataki mafi tsauri. A orhestre bayyana shimfidar wuri, sauti inji cewa canzawa tsãwa da walƙiya, howling iska da ruwan sama. Sa'an nan tragedian kara wani actor. Duk da haka, da matsayin zama ƙara iya ba rike ko da uku 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da su. Sa'an nan kuma muka aka gabatar masks, kowane wakiltar wani hanya. Domin canji ya isa ya canza mask, kuma tafi a kan mataki a cikin wani sabon sunan.

A baya, bayan orhestroy, shi ne na musamman dakin - Skene, inda 'yan wasan kwaikwayo sun ganuwa ga masu sauraro canza mask, wanda aka yi na canza launin lãka kuma nuna wani gyara man fuska magana da gwarzo da yanayi. The bayani dalla-dalla na mask aka yawanci furta a lokacin da kallon ta masu sauraro nan da nan ya gane cewa yana son ya gaya wa actor, da kuma abin da ji yana kokarin bayyana.

Masks a matsayin tushen Theatrical art

Na musamman muhimmancin shi ne mask launi: duhu ya dafa yi magana da zaman lafiya da lafiya mai kyau na hali, da cuta ko rashin lafiya yake a rawaya, ja yi magana da stealth, zãlunci; da fushi ƙaddamar garura mask. masks expressiveness ya ce tushen duk na yi, a wannan sikelin duk Theatrical mataki. A actor dai kawai karfafa ra'ayi na gestures da jiki ƙungiyoyi. Masks Greek wasan kwaikwayo taka leda rawar da magana, da inganta ikon kara murya actor.

gasa

Girka tun lokacin da aka dauke a kasar gasa. Ba tsere wannan hadisin da wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin kwanaki na Great Diyonisiyas, ɗan majalisar dukkan wasanni sun batu fire - fito na fito. A holidays aka shirya uku bala'in da wani satirical comedy fuskantarwa. A karshen kowane yi da masu sauraro da kayyade mafi kyau actor, da mafi kyaun lãbãri, kuma haka a kan ga dukan alamu da sun halin yi. A rana ta ƙarshe na Great Diyonisiyas, ɗan majalisar nasara samu kyaututtuka.

Fathers wasan kwaikwayo na lokaci - Eshil, Euripides Sofokl - gasar a tsakãninsu. Aeschylus, yana wa'azi a halin kirki, halin kirki da alhakin shigar da mugunta, godiya ga ayyukan da ya yi ( "Oresteia", "Prometheus", "A Farisa" da sauransu.) Won 13 sau. Sophocles aka gane a matsayin mafi kyau tragedian 24 sau da wannan ya taimaka wa hotuna a bala'i "Electra," "Antigone," "Oedipus". Ƙarami marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo - Euripides - kokarin cim tare da mazan jagoranta, ya haruffa - Medea, Phaedra - warai m.

Ancient comedy of Aristophanes wakilta da wadannan ayyuka: "Wasps", "Riders", "Rana," "Lysistrata", "Aminci", "Clouds". Mãkirci satirical guda resonated da siyasa halin da ake ciki a kasar Girka da cewa lokaci. Idan aka kwatanta da drama, dangane da Legends, Aristophanes comedy gani gaskiya.

Greek gidan wasan kwaikwayo, da tsarin

Gangaren tuddai, da bude sararin sama. Greek gidan wasan kwaikwayo, da na gargajiya lokaci gina a kan wadannan ka'ida: wani tako amphitheater a cikin wani nau'i na truncated da'irar tashi daga wata madauwari yanki scene. Idan tunani ci gaba da gangaren zane, ka samu wani rufaffiyar siffar kunsha na yau da kullum concentric da'irori. Kowane da'irar da aka hada da wajen hewn dutse tubalan. m dutse surface, kuma ta contours suna haka da kyau tsara cewa gidajen abinci ne kusan ganuwa. Domin tiers Greek amphitheater a Athens daraja Titanic aiki na dubban daruruwan bãyinSa waɗanda suka yi aiki tirelessly dare da rana. 78 layuka na kujerun zuwa kashi da dama sandan-dimbin yawa segments. Greek gidan wasan kwaikwayo, dole ne da farko jere tare da bãyansu dõmin gudu domin VIPs, da firistoci, da jami'an da baƙi na girmamawa. Dabam, akwai wani dutse wurin zama tare da openwork sassaƙa, wannan wuri shi ne firist na Dionysus.

Zagaye filin wasa, a gidan wasan kwaikwayo mataki, da ake kira orhestra, rabu da wani low shinge na amphitheater. ne da bagaden, da bagaden Dionysus, ya matakai a lokacin wasanni da kida zauna a cibiyar. Daga waje duniya wuce orhestra alaka - Parodi. The site da aka kai a kai bombarded tare da lafiya tsakuwa ko yashi. Daga baya sai aka sharewa da dutse tubalan.

Bayan orhestry ya proskeny - dandamali ga tarin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayon. Kuma bayan shi aka located Skene ko, a cikin zamani na harshe, miya dakin, inda masu aikatawa tsince su masks da kuma shirye shigar da orhestru. A kowane gefen skene shi da biyu kananan fuka-fuki, inda aka adana jingina da masks. Wadannan wuraren da aka kira "paraskenii".

Sadarwa kafin show

The dogon tarihi na Greek Theater alama a haƙuri hadisin. The masu sauraro da aka faruwa da kyau kafin a fara wasan kwaikwayon, suka tafi wani dogon layi na parodies kuma ya zauna a kan komai a wuraren zama. Farkon isowa An šanyi bayyana ta da sha'awar ya dauki mafi wuri. Bugu da kari, an yanke shawarar kafin gabatarwa magana da makwabta, koyi da labarai da raba su tunani. Ancient Greek wasan kwaikwayo wani irin cibiyar sadarwa da babban birnin kasar ta mazauna. Yawancin lokaci, mutane suka zo tare da su duka iyalansu.

Modern Greek Theater

A farkon karni na 20th a Athens Theater an halitta "New Stage", wanda sunan yayi magana don kansa. A sharhin da na "Nea Skins" ne ayyukan Greek dramatists da kuma marubuta daga wasu ƙasashe. Ibsen ta play "The Wild Duck", "Freeloader" Turgenev, "The Secret of Countess Valerie" Ksenopulosa kuma waɗansu da yawa da aka buga da kuma suke kunshe a cikin sharhin.

Founder K. Hristomanos nagartattu kokarin haifar da wani gungu simintin gyaran daga cikin latest tsara ba tare da game da gargajiya tsoho Greek wasan kwaikwayo masks tare da na al'ada heroes, kuma ba da-tsare matsayin. A general, ya aikata shi, amma har yanzu wasu daga cikin nuances na baya flits a productions. Wasu scenes bai yi ba tare da actor ta daskararre magana fuska kama wani mask. Wani lokaci fuska ba a yarda da su bayyana ji kamar wannan zai iya yin mask. Ta haka ne a hulda ƙarni.

stagnation

A lokacin daga 1910 zuwa 1920 da Greek wasan kwaikwayo fadi a cikin ƙi. Yana shafi siga halin da ake ciki a cikin al'umma saboda yakin duniya na farko da kuma janar tattalin arziki stagnation. Mutane ba dole circuses. Kusan duk sinimomi sun koma a kan wani ciniki akai, da kuma cewa nufi da cikakken overhaul na repertoire, da sauyawa daga cikin classic ayyukan shoddy bulvarschinoy. Canje-canje sun makawa, kamar yadda auditoriums ya fara zuwa rollicking hali suka fi son ganin kan mataki rabin tsiraici actresses, da kuma duk sauran sun kasance ba su sha'awar. Duk ƙoƙarin raya kan mataki da classic play da Sophocles da Aeschylus ya ci tura. Yana da wani daban-daban lokaci, da kuma na zamani wasan kwaikwayo kai su matsayi.