Harkar Kuɗi tsari na tattalin arzikin

Modern kasuwar bukatar monetary iko da waje gwamnoni. Wannan shi ne saboda ci gaban bukatun da kasuwar tsarin, kamar yadda shi kansa transcends da mafita daga da yawa zamantakewa da tattalin arziki matsaloli. A ra'ayi na "ganuwa hannun kasuwar", bisa ga abin da karshen za, ba tare da kowa ta taimako mu jimre wa dukan kalubale, ya gaza a kasashen da dama. Kuma Rasha tuna da kyau da "buga far" na nineties karni na karshe. A ganin cewa kasuwar kanta ba zai iya zama, yana da latti. Harkar Kuɗi tsari na tattalin arzikin - daya daga cikin kayan waje iko da kasuwar tsarin. A cewar da yawa tattalin arziki, mafi muhimmanci kayan aiki. A wannan labarin, za mu dauki kusa duba manufofin kudi, manufofin, kayan aikin, iri. Bari mu fara da tushe definition.

ra'ayi

Harkar Kuɗi tsari na tattalin arzikin - shi ne mai sa na ayyuka da za'ayi da Babban Bankin (CB), da nufin canza kudi wadata sigogi.

Wannan yana nufin cewa babban bankin musababin da kudi wadata su, a tattalin arzikin. Kuma wannan ma'auni rinjayar da muhimmancin kudi yawa. Just a kasa da muke da mukalli hanyoyin da monetary iko.

a raga

A macroeconomic matakin da wadannan dokokin manufofin tsaya daga:

1. Samar da yanayi na ci gaban tattalin arziki.
2. Kasance da farashin kwanciyar hankali.
3. Tabbatar da zaman lafiya da ban sha'awa rates a cikin gida kudi kasuwar, musayar rates.
4. Samar da matsakaicin matakin aiki.

Manufar monetary - don kula da farashin kwanciyar hankali. Sauran ayyukan da aka samu daga gare su. A Rasha tattalin arzikin karkashin farashin kwanciyar hankali dogara a kan m rage hauhawar farashin kaya. Wannan shi rinjayar da zuba jarurruka a kasar da kuma karfafa cikin dogon lokacin da ci gaban tattalin arziki.

A ra'ayi na kumbura

Kumbura - wani karu a cikin sayen ikon kudin saboda ta depreciation. Alal misali, shekara-shekara kumbura gyarawa a 10%. Daga wannan shi ya bi cewa for 1000 rubles yau za ka iya saya guda adadin kaya kamar yadda a 1100 a shekara.

Harkar Kuɗi iko da Central Bank da nufin farko a rage kudi na kumbura. Ba abin mamaki ba cewa Rasha bankuna ara tsada rance. Wannan shi ne saboda high kumbura. Kuma bã ya yiwuwa a mayar da hankali a hannuwansu manyan kudade, kamar yadda da kowane wucewa rana da babban birnin kasar za "ci" marar ganuwa dokokin na kasuwar.

Limited damar da Babban Bankin

Babu majalisu ayyuka na Central Bank, don haka ya aiki ne kawai don santsi daga kasuwar hawa da sauka a cikin mutum segments na kudi kasuwa.

Duk da gazawa, Babban Bankin zai iya gudanar da monetary iko, wanda aka tsara domin:

1. Bunkasa wasan kwaikwayon na mahalarta monetary yawa.
2. Kare bukatun da ma'auni na kasuwa mahalarta.
3. Nĩsanta daga artificially kara da halin kaka.
4. Ƙirƙiri da yanayi na zuba jari.
5. Samar da wani m yanayi a kasuwa.
6. Don fadada kasuwar na da sabis na bankin da kuma inganta su quality.

Da muhimmancin da monetary babban macroeconomics ga dukan kuma ga kowane mutum jama'a musamman. Yau muna shaida halin da ake ciki inda kumbura an rage. Wannan ya kai ga wani karu a amfani rates akan ajiya a banki, wanda yanzu da wuya ya wuce 8% da annum. Duk da haka, a lokaci guda, tattalin arziki gwamnoni artificially rage real ma'auni na mahalarta a cikin kasuwar ta hanyar wasu hanyoyi, kamar ta hanyar kudin ragewar darajar kuɗi. watau wucin gadi ragewan na tamanin da ruble take kaiwa zuwa wani karu a cikin sayen ikon a duniya kasuwanni. Ganin cewa a kasar mu yana da dukkan karshe kaya shigo, muna ganin wani gagarumin Yunƙurin a farashin. Saboda haka a fili yake cewa monetary iko a Rasha na da takamaiman fasalin da bambanci zuwa wasu kasashen. Saboda haka, ba za mu iya ce cewa akwai wani a duniya a girke-girke dama dabarun ga kowace kasa. M hanyoyin daya kasar na iya haifar da cikakken kudi auka na sauran.

abubuwa

Harkar Kuɗi iko ne da nufin wadannan shafukan:

1. A kudi na yawa na kudi.
2. A girma daga rance.
3. Rate na kasa kudin.
4. Bukatar da wadata na kasa kudin.
5. A kudi wadata su, a tattalin arzikin.
6. A coefficients na monetary multiplier.

Harkar Kuɗi iko kowane daga cikin wadannan sigogi da wani lokaci firam. Suna kafa a bangarori daban-daban na gwamnati. Saboda haka ba shi yiwuwa a ce cewa tsari na monetary tsarin bayar da rahoton ba ya dogara ne a kan jiha ne kawai domin sauki dalilin cewa shi ne babban bankin, wanda ba ya yi biyayya da jihar hukumomi, gudanar kai-tsari. Shi ne daga concerted mataki na jiha da kuma babban bankin ya dogara da tasiri na kwanan nan ayyuka.

inji

Inji monetary regulirirovaniya hada da:

• Kiyasin.
• shiryawa
• Hanyar da effects kayan aikin.

Muradi kudi bukatun

Regulation na manufofin kudi ya dogara da muradi na kudi bukatar.

Nau'i na farko - a transactional muradi. Yana bayar da halin yanzu tattalin arziki aiki na kasuwar takara. Ga talakawan mutum ma'amaloli muradi na nufin stock na kudi a kan kowane wata kudi har na gaba biya: abinci, utilities, mobile biyan bashin da sauran.

Ga harkokin kasuwanci transactional muradi ne kudi, wanda aka tsara domin kula da wani gudana kasuwanci (biya zuwa kaya, biyan haya, da dai sauransu).

Domin jihar, shi ne wani stock musayar cewa ba ka damar samar da kimomi a waje kasuwar.

Nau'i na biyu - da rigakafi muradi. Yana da damar kasuwa mahalarta don ƙirƙirar wani ajiye. Ga talakawa} wannan jinkiri ga wani ruwa rana, da ba da gudummawa wajen ajiya domin adana albarkatun da sauransu. Harkokin kasuwanci da kuma gwamnatin ƙirƙirar ajiye da kuma karfafawa kudi.

The uku irin - da tabbas muradi. Modern kudi da kanta ne ba ne tushen wani kantin sayar da daga darajar. Saboda haka, wani ɓangare na kudi amfani ga saye da ko iskar (kudi) dukiya, samun kudin shiga a cikin irin daban-daban amfani. Don wadanda ya kamata hada da shaidu, hannun jari, masana'antu kudi kida.

Bukatar da samar da kudi

Bukatar da samar da kudi ne mafi wuya ga hango ko hasashen dabi'u. Ba shi yiwuwa a hango ko hasashen nan gaba halayya factor, kamar yadda ya dogara ba kawai a kan macroeconomic dalilai, amma kuma a kan ci gaban tattalin arzikin duniya. Alal misali, ci gaban cryptocurrency da kuma e-kasuwanci take kaiwa zuwa wani karu a bukatar da kasa kudin. A karuwa a bukatar kudi ya dogara da wadannan dalilai:

1. Akan rage hauhawar farashin kaya da kuma hauhawar farashin kaya tsammanin.
2. Ƙara amincewa da banki tsarin.
3. A habakar tattalin arziki.

Daya zai iya buga misali mai kyau na monetary Rasha bayan da rikicin na 2008: jihar ya soma wata dokar a karkashin abin da m inshora duk ajiya a banki har zuwa wani adadin. Kuma ba za ka iya ji tsoro cewa banki zai tafi fatara, kamar yadda gwamnatin ta hanyar da kamfanonin inshora za su maida cikin hasãra. Wannan ya kai ga cewa da yawan jama'a ya karu amincewa a banki tsarin.

Bukatar kudi - a key nuna alama. M hanyoyin da kayan monetary iko ne dogara a kan karfi bukatar kudi. Ya kamata kuma a haifa tuna cewa marmarin da kudi da kuma yiwuwar samun su ne ba iri daya ba. Ga mu fuskanci wani lokaci kamar liquidity - tsabar kudi da kuma wadanda ba tsabar kudi kudi a banki. Da bukatar kudi aka bayyana a matsayin proportionate rabo na liquidity.

Gudu da kudi

Monetary siyasa tsari na tattalin arzikin dogara a kan irin wannan Manuniya a matsayin gudu daga kudi. A ci gaba da dadewa adibas na bankuna taimakawa wajen rage kudi gudu, da kuma mataimakin versa, ceton a cikin tattalin arzikin na da babban adadin tsabar kudi qara gudu daga kudi.

kudi wadata

Market kayyadewa dole ne daidai lissafi da matakin na jikewa na kudi a cikin tattalin arzikin kasar. ko shi ne iya yadda ya kamata amfani da karuwa a cikin kudi wadata? Mene ne hauhawar farashin kaya, da hauhawar farashin kaya da tsammanin da kuma hadarin matakai a cikin tattalin arzikin? Madaidaici amsoshin wadannan tambayoyi shafi kula da hali. Daya zai iya buga misali da farkon na biyu dubbai shekaru a Rasha. A babbar ambaliya na kudi a cikin kasar hade da super-riba daga sayar da hydrocarbons, ya na da wani mummunan tasiri a kan tattalin arzikin matsayin dukan. Ta iya ba "nike" duk na kudi wadata ba tare da compromising samar. Kumbura kara zuwa 10-12% annum. A wannan batun, akwai wani gagarumin Yunƙurin a cikin kudin na bashi. Mugun shafa wadanda sassa na tattalin arzikin da aka ba alaka da man fetur da kuma iskar gas kansu: noma, sufuri, kai, jama'a kansu. Zuba jari a wadannan sassa sun negligible idan aka kwatanta da zuba jari a wasu wurare. Har ila yau, akwai wani rashin daidaituwa a samun kudin shiga na talakawa 'yan ƙasa. Ga misali, da talakawan albashi na malamin biya ya kewaye 6-7 dubu. Rubles wata, da kuma handyman a yi shafukan aikatãwa 'yan dubu rubles a rana. Yau mun ga cewa rashin daidaituwa a cikin masana'antar ba haka ba ne m, amma yanzu da muke da kaucewa daban-daban matsaloli a tattalin arzikin.

A kudi wadata ne m da:

1. A monetary tushe (dukiya) da Central Bank. Wadannan sun hada da rance ga bankuna, Securities - yawanci shaidu baitul bayanin kula daga cikin manyan tattalin arziki a duniya - kasashen waje musayar reserves.
2. Interest rates a kan m kudi kasuwa. Haka kuma an kira da key refinancing kudi. Wannan sha'awa kudi a da Babban Bankin na samar da rance ga bankunan. Babu shakka, shi ne m fiye da sha'awa kudi a da latest batun bashin ga mutane da kuma tattalin arziki abokai, tun da shi overlaps nan gaba da samun kudin shiga na banki da kuma yawan hadarin da kuma sama. Alal misali, idan da key kudi refinancing ne 7%, kaso na banki rance ga wata halitta mutum ba zai iya zama m, tun a asara ba daya ba zai ranta. A amfani kudi a kan gajere kasuwar da aka kafa a kan tushen da rabo daga reserves na banki tsarin to ta adibas. Yau muna shaida mai ban sha'awa halin da ake ciki da cewa ya gagara kwatanta a cikin zamani tarihin kasarmu, mutane sa a ajiya a banki babbar yawa kudi, wanda, haka ma, kusan duk inshora. A wannan batun, kudi gwamnoni matsi kudi daga bankunan 'yan kasa, da samar da yanayi na ƙananan sha'awa a kan adibas.
3. Kafa m ajiye.

Da banki tsarin a matsayin mafi muhimmanci factor na da tasiri a kan kudi wadata

A mafi girma da tasiri a kudi wadata yana da wani banki tsarin. Jerin hanyoyin da kayan monetary iko:

1. Rage ko kara kudi batun.
2. Samar da wani ci monetary yawa.
3. Ma'amaloli a cikin kudi kasuwa don tsara kudi wurare dabam dabam.

Hanyoyin da monetary iko a tattalin arziki da kuma raya ƙasashe masu tasowa matuƙa, daban-daban.

Babban Bankin - wani mažalli player a cikin tsari. Don yin wannan, ya yi amfani da wadannan kayan aikin da tsari na monetary siyasa:

1. Batun na tsabar kudi.
2. Refinancing na bankuna, watau. E. The Central Bank zama "banki domin bankuna" kuma ta bada fitar da rance a bankunan kafa su guda rates. Recent perekreditovyvatsya wadanda kudi a kasuwannin gida a mafi girma amfani rates.
3. Open kasuwar aiki a kan sayar da Securities da ago domin biyan bashin a cikin kasa da kasa fagen fama.

Saboda sama yadda ake gudanar da kafa guda inji na monetary tsari.

Saboda haka, mafi muhimmiyar rawa a macroeconomics The Central Bank of kasar. Bayani dalla-dalla a kan tattalin arziki da batun daga baya a cikin wannan labarin.

CBR matsayi

A Rasha banki tsarin, Central Bank - kasar babban banki. Shi ne a kan saman dukan kudi a tsarin da aka tsara don daidaita kudi na duk wasu bankuna a yarda da janar tattalin arziki dabarun. Wannan shi ne saboda da refinancing da kuma iko. Kamar yadda na karshe aiki na Central Bank yana da hakkin dakatar da ayyukan duk bashi kungiyoyin, revoking ta lasisi. A cikin 'yan shekaru, Na tsince kyawawan m jerin kama neschastlivchikov. Mutane da yawa har ma da ra'ayin cewa Bank of gaba daya share shafin na manyan bankuna da jihar hallara.

Central Bank ne ma key wakili na monetary siyasa. Duk da haka, ya ba ya amfani da shawarar da hanyoyi cimma burin su, da kuma tattalin arziki management.

Rahoto ga Babban Bankin Rasha?

Duk da cewa babban bankin Rasha - babban banki na kasar, wanda shi ne kawai wanda ya na da hakkin ya buga rubles, ba ya yi biyayya ba wa gwamnatin Rasha, kuma bã da wani sauran gwamnati jiki. Idan mu jiha za su ba su da isasshen kudi don biyan albashin ma'aikata, pensions, kuma amfanin, da Rasha Central Bank ba zai ranta wa gwamnatin. Wannan paradoxical tsarin da aka gina daga farkon samuwar wani m Rasha. Wannan shã'aninku bada Yunƙurin zuwa yawa siyasa masana kimiyya kira B. N. Eltsina - na farko shugaban kasar Rasha - wata m. Rahoto ga Bank of Rasha? Wasu ce tare da amincewa da cewa babban bankin kasar mu - da reshe na Tarayya Reserve, wasu sanyã shi zuwa lamuni na duniya IMF, mafi gaskiya, tun akwai wani kai tsaye tunani da shi a cikin dokar. Duk da haka, duka biyu ne tabbatar da cewa muna kula da Rothschilds da Rockefellers.

Amma ya zama dole don nazarin dokar tarayya a kan "The Central Bank of Rasha Federation", duk abin da da dama a cikin wuri: Babban Bankin kunshi da kai da kuma mambobi ne na Board of Directors a cikin adadin mutane 14. Dukan su suna zabe ta jihar Duma daidai da shugaban kasar Rasha. Yanzu shi wajibi ne don amsa ma'ana tambaya: ko Central Bank of Rasha da irin wannan zanga-American kungiyar? An m amsar ne kawai idan majalisar kanta kuma za ta zama zanga-American.

Har ila yau, magoya na Amurka babban bankin zuwa sanyã Rasha bayyana cewa a shekarar 2014 75% na jimlar riba na Central Bank of Rasha canja wurin zuwa na tarayya kasafin kudin, da kuma sauran 15% ke Vnesheconombank.

Duk abin da ya, amma dokar ne da gaske m raba Rasha daga Central Bank of gwamnatin Rasha. Kuma idan sun yi husũma a tsakãninsu, sa'an nan da mulki zai zama ga babban bankin, a matsayin husũma al'amurran da suka shafi ake warware a duniya kotuna, wanda bisa ga kundin tsarin mulki na mafita sama m kotu. Wannan shi ne mu kundin tsarin mulki, wanda aiki a kasar tun shekara ta 1993.

The ayyuka na Central Bank of Rasha

Bankin Rasha ya yi ayyuka masu zuwa:

1. Yana da mai ba da bashi don cibiyoyin kula da gida.
2. Tattarawa tare da Gwamnatin Rasha da tsarin kuɗi daya.
3. Yana da komai game da fitowar kudin waje.
4. Yana kafa manajan kuɗi.
5. Ya kafa dokoki don gudanar da ayyukan banki, bayar da rahoto ga tsarin banki da lissafi.

Daga jerin, za ku ga cewa Babban Bankin yana aiki tare da gwamnati. Wato, sun kasance abokan tarayya, kuma babu wata alamar ƙaddamarwa. Wannan hujja ce ta ba da dama ga mutane da dama su ce Rasha tana da mallaka na tsarin kudi na yamma. Duk da haka, masu kare irin wannan tsarin sun tabbata cewa yana taimakawa wajen dakatar da yan majalisar wakilai na Rasha daga cin hanci da rashawa da kuma daga bashi na gida. Ya isa ya bincika adadin cin hanci da rashawa da ba ya ɓoyewa don ya tambayi: Shin iko ne na waje akan bugu bugu da gaske? Wata kila, wannan gaskiyar ta ce ta ceci kasar daga yawan kumbura.

Ƙoƙarin dawowa "'yancin kai"

A} asarmu, akwai wakilai da 'yan siyasa da suka nuna goyon baya ga} asashen na Babban Bankin. Suna yin biyayya ga Dokar Duma wata doka ta doka, amma mummunar tashin hankali na jama'a ya taso a kansa. Me yasa wannan yake faruwa? Yana yiwuwa 'yan' yanmu ba su amince da jiharmu ba, wanda sau da yawa ya yaudare su. Ga mutane da yawa, zaɓi na 'yancin kai na Babban Bankin Rasha daga gwamnati ya ba da tabbaci ga makomar nan gaba fiye da canja shi zuwa jihar, inda ba za a sami iko akan samar da kudin ba. Bari mu tuna lokacin da USSR: kowa yana da kudi, amma babu wanda ya so ya sayar da kaya ga duk wanda bai buƙaci takarda ba, domin jihar ta ci gaba da tsangwama da manufofi na kudi da kuma kudade na bankin na bankin don samun 'yancin siyasa don kawo ci gaba. Saboda haka, akwai halin da ake ciki a yayin da masana'antun suka adana kayan aiki a cikin warehouses, da yin watsi da rashin daidaituwa, kuma suka musayar shi ga "kasuwar kasuwancin" a farashi mai kyau. Babu matakan kulawa da suka taimaka wajen tilasta masu aiki su shiga kasuwancin shari'a. Abin da ya sa muke barin 'yan kasa ba tare da gudunmawar su ba, tun lokacin da aka dawo da tattalin arzikin ya zama dole ya hallaka su ta hanyar daskarewa da kuma overclocking hyperinflation.

Bank of the USSR

A cikin Tarayyar Soviet State Bank ne gaba daya na karkashin majalisar ministocin kasar da Tarayyar Soviet. Yawan kuɗin da aka ƙayyade ta hanyar tsarin jagorancin. Majalisar ministoci na Rundunar Sojan Amurka ta ba da umarni, kuma Bankin ya bayar da isasshen iskar gas. Wannan ya haifar da halin da ake ciki a cikin kimiyyar tattalin arziki da aka kira "karuwar farashi." A wasu kalmomi, ana iya bayyana shi kamar haka: kowa yana da kuɗi, amma ba za ku iya saya kome a kansu ba. Wannan ya fahimci: masana'antun sun fi son ci gaba da kaya a cikin ɗakunan ajiya kuma ba su sayar da shi ba, tun da kudi ba su da darajar da muke sabawa yau. A gaskiya ma, musayar halitta ta fure, wadda ta dace da tsarin feudal. Irin wannan yanayi zai iya sake faruwa idan bankin na Rasha ya zama kasa.