Heat-resistant gami. Special steels da kuma gami. Production da kuma amfani da zafi-resistant gami

Modern masana'antu ba za a iya tunanin ba tare da wani abu kamar karfe. Tare da shi, muna da aka tsayar kusan kowane bi da bi. Da gabatarwar a cikin tsarinta daban-daban sinadaran abubuwa iya muhimmanci inganta inji kuma yi Properties.

Mene ne karfe

Karfe kira gami da aka hada da carbon da na baƙin ƙarfe. Har ila yau, irin wannan gami (photo zubar a kasa) na iya samun sauran a hankali ahankali sinadaran abubuwa.

Da dama jinsin tsarin jihohi. Idan carbon abun ciki shi ne a cikin 0,025-0,8%, da data kira pro-eutectoid karfe da kuma da a cikin tsarin perlite kuma ferrite. Idan hypereutectoid karfe, yana yiwuwa don tsayar da pearlite da cementite lokaci. A siffa daga cikin ferrite tsari ne manyan ductility. Cementite ma yana da wani babba daga bãyan wancan. Perlite samar da duka biyu na baya zamani. Yana iya samun granular siffar (da hada da hatsi da ferrite aka shirya cementite wanda da madauwari siffar) da kuma wani farantin (duka biyu bulan da nau'i na faranti). Idan karfe da aka kona a sama da yawan zafin jiki a da polymorphs faruwa, sa'an nan tsarin canje-canje zuwa austenite. Wannan lokaci yana da babban ductility. Idan carbon ciki ya wuce 2.14%, irin kayan da kuma gami ake kira baƙin ƙarfe.

iri karfe

Dangane da abun da ke ciki na karfe iya zama carbon karfe da kuma gami. Carbon abun ciki kasa da 0.25% characterizes low-carbon karfe. Idan adadin ya kai 0,55%, sa'an nan ba za mu iya magana game da matsakaici-gami. Karfe, wanda yana a cikin abun da ke ciki fiye da kashi 0.6% carbon, kira high-carbon. Idan da aka samar a matsayin wani Fusion, da fasahar shafi gabatarwar takamaiman sinadaran abubuwa, wannan gami karfe kira. A gabatarwar da daban-daban aka gyara aka muhimmanci canza da kaddarorin. Idan su adadin ne kasa da 4%, da low-alloyed gami. Srednelegirovannoj kuma high-gami karfe yana bi da bi zuwa 11% da kuma fiye da 12% impurities. Ya danganta da inda a filin daga karfe gami ake amfani da shi, suka ware irin wannan iri: instrumental, tsarin da kuma musamman steels da kuma gami.

masana'antu da fasaha

karfe-yin tsari ne quite lokaci cinyewa. Yana hada dama, saukarwa. Da farko, kana bukatar albarkatun kasa - tama. A mataki na farko qunshi dumama zuwa wasu zazzabi. Lokacin da wannan ya auku oxidative tafiyar matakai. A karo na biyu mataki da zazzabi zama yafi hakan. Carbon hadawan abu da iskar shaka matakai ne mafi tsanani. Zai yiwu ƙarin oxygen enrichment na gami. Wašanda ba'aso impurities ana cire ga slag. A mataki na gaba ne zuwa ga kau da oxygen daga karfe saboda shi muhimmanci rage da inji Properties. Wannan yadawa za a iya za'ayi ko precipitating Hanyar. Idan deoxidation tsari ba ya faruwa, sakamakon karfe ake kira tafasar. M gami ba emit gas, oxygen an cire gaba daya. A tsakanin su Semi-kashe karfe. Production na gami da na baƙin ƙarfe yakan faru a cikin hearth, shigar da Tanderu, asali oxygen gagarumar wuta.

alloying na karfe

Domin samun wasu kaddarorin da karfe, abun da ke ciki an gudanar na musamman dopants. Babban abũbuwan amfãni daga irin wannan gami aka inganta juriya ga daban-daban deformations, abin dogara aka gyara da kuma sauran tsarin mambobi ƙaruwa muhimmanci. Quenching rage yawan fasa da sauran lahani. Sau da yawa, wannan wani Hanyar jikewa amfani da daban-daban abubuwa don goya jure sinadaran lalata. Amma akwai wasu drawbacks. Suna bukatar ƙarin aiki, wani babban Yiwuwar faru na hairline fasa. Bugu da kari, shi qara kudin da kayan. Mafi na kowa alloying abubuwa - chromium, nickel, tungsten, molybdenum da kuma cobalt. Su filin daga aikace-aikace ne quite high. Wannan aikin injiniya, da kuma samar da cikakken bayani game da bututun, ikon shuke-shuke, da jirgin sama da kuma more.

A ra'ayi na zafi juriya da kuma zafi juriya

A lokaci zafi juriya da ake nufi da ikon na karfe ko gami don kula da dukan halayya idan aiki a high yanayin zafi. A irin wannan yanayi shi ne sau da yawa lura gas lalata. Saboda haka, abu dole ne mallaki jure ta mataki, cewa shi ne ya zama zafi-resistant. Saboda haka, da halaye na gami an yi amfani da manyan zazzabi ya kamata hada da biyu daga cikin wadannan matsalolin. Kawai idan irin wannan steels samar da ake bukata sabis rayuwa ga sassa, da kayayyakin aiki da kuma sauran tsarin abubuwa.

Features zafi-resistant karfe

A lokuta inda zafin jiki ya kai high dabi'u, shi na bukatar yin amfani da gami wanda ba zai durkushe kuma tsayayya nakasawa. A wannan yanayin, wani zafi-resistant gami. A zafin aiki ga irin kayan da - sama da 500 ° C. An muhimmanci characterizing kama karfe ne wani babban jimiri da iyaka, plasticity, wanda yana kiyaye na dogon lokaci, kazalika da shakatawa juriya. Akwai da dama aka gyara iya muhimmanci ƙara da juriya ga high yanayin zafi: cobalt, tungsten, molybdenum. Kuma wajibi bangaren shi ne chromium. Ya ba sosai shafi da ƙarfi, shi qara jure hawa. Chrome ma ya hana lalata tafiyar matakai. Wani muhimmin halayyar da gami da irin wannan - wani jinkirin creep.

Nau'in zafi resistant steels na tsarin

Heat-resistant da zafi-resistant gami ne ferritic aji, martensitic, austenitic da wani martensitic tsarin feritno. A farko an hada da game da 30% chromium. Bayan na musamman jiyya zama lafiya hatsi tsarin. Idan dumama zazzabi ya wuce 850ºS, hatsi ƙaruwa, da kuma irin zafi-resistant kayan zama gaggautsa. Martensitic maki halin da chromium abun ciki na daga 4% zuwa 12%. Nickel ma yana iya zama ba a cikin qananan yawa, tungsten, da sauran abubuwa. Na su nuna sassa na turbines, bawuloli a cikin abin hawa. Steels wanda da a cikin tsarin mai martensite da ferrite, dace da aiki a m high yanayin zafi da kuma dogon lokacin aiki. A chromium ciki ya kai 14%. Austenite aka samu ta hanyar gabatar da wani zafi resistant nickel gami. Karfe da irin wannan tsarin da yawa brands.

Nickel-tushen gami

Nickel na da yawan amfani da kaddarorin. Ya na da kyau sakamako a kan machinability na karfe (duka zafi da sanyi). Idan abu ko kayan aiki tsara aiki a cikin matsananci halin wurare, da doping wannan kashi muhimmanci ƙara juriya da lalata. Heat-resistant nickel-tushe kayan rarrabu cikin wadannan kungiyoyin: zafi-resistant da zafi resistant kanta. A karshen kamata kuma da m zafi-resistant halaye. Aiki da yanayin zafi isa 1200 ° C. Bugu da gudanar chromium ko titanium. Characteristically, karfe alloyed da nickel, da kananan adadin impurities kamar barium, magnesium, boron, saboda haka, mafi hatsi suna iyaka karfafa. Superalloys na da irin wannan suna samuwa a cikin nau'i na ƙirƙira, birgima. Shi ne kuma zai yiwu ebb bayani. Babban yankin na aikace-aikace - masana'antu abubuwa na gas turbines. Heat-resistant nickel-tushe gami da abun da ke ciki da kuma har zuwa 30% chromium. Su ne fairly da kyau zuwa stamping, waldi. Bugu da kari, da hawa da juriya shi ne high. Wannan ya sa ya yiwu don amfani da su a cikin bututun iskar gas tsarin.

Heat kãfira karfe, titanium gami

Titanium aka gabatar a cikin wani karamin adadin (0.3%). A wannan yanayin yana qara gami ƙarfi. Idan da abun ciki shi ne da yawa mafi girma, wasu deteriorate inji Properties (taurin, ƙarfi). Amma da plasticity na karuwa. Wannan facilitates aiki na karfe. Lokacin gudanar titanium tare da sauran aka gyara na iya muhimmanci inganta high-zazzabi halaye. Idan akwai bukatar yin aiki a wani yanayi maƙiya (musamman a cikin akwati a lokacin da gini ya shafi waldi), da alloying kashi chemically data aka bashi garanti.

cobalt gami

A babban adadin cobalt (har zuwa 80%) da ake amfani da su samar da irin kayan da yadda superalloys da zafi resistant gami, tun da shi ne da wuya amfani a cikin m form. Its gwamnati inganta ductility kazalika da juriya a karkashin high yanayin zafi. Kuma da hakan shi ne, da hakan da adadin cobalt rajista a gami. A wasu hatimi da abun ciki ya kai 30%. Wani halayyar alama na wadannan steels - inganta Magnetic Properties. Duk da haka, saboda da babban kudin cobalt, ta yin amfani da shi ne wajen da iyaka.

Tasirin molybdenum a kan superalloys

Active sinadari muhimmanci rinjayar da ƙarfi daga cikin abu a high yanayin zafi. Musamman tasiri ne ta yin amfani da tare da sauran abubuwa. Yana muhimmanci ƙara taurin karfe (riga a ciki na 0.3%). Tensile ƙarfi kuma qara. Wani m alama cewa da superalloys doped molybdenum - a mafi girma mataki na adawa ga oxidative tafiyar matakai. Molybdenum taimaka wa hatsi tsaftacewa. A hasara ne da wahala daga waldi.

Sauran musamman steels da kuma gami

Don yin wasu ayyuka bukatar kayan da cewa suna da wasu kaddarorin. Saboda haka, za mu iya magana game da amfani da musamman gami, wanda zai iya zama duka alloyed da carbon. A karshe ya kafa bukata halaye da aka kai saboda gaskiyar cewa yi na gami da su aiki ne na musamman da fasaha. Wani musamman gami da steels kasu kashi tsarin da instrumental. Daga cikin babban matsaloli ga irin wannan kayan ne da wadannan: juriya ga lalata da kuma sa tafiyar matakai, ikon aiki a wani maƙiya yanayi, ta ƙara inji halaye. A wannan category ne zafi-resistant karfe da kuma gami da wani babban aiki da zazzabi, kuma cryogenic karfe cewa za su iya jure har zuwa -296ºS.

kayan aiki karfe

Domin yi na kayayyakin amfani a cikin yi na musamman kayan aiki karfe. Saboda gaskiya cewa yanayin aiki na daban-daban kayan ana kuma zabi akayi daban-daban. Tun da kida ne wajen high bukatun, da kuma halaye na gami domin su samar kamar yadda ya dace: dole ne su zama free daga waje impurities, inclusions na deoxidation tsari ne da za'ayi, kuma a yi kama tsarin. Domin aunawa kida yana da muhimmanci a sami barga yi da kuma tsayayya da lalacewa. Da yake jawabi na yankan kayan aikin, cewa suka yi aiki a dagagge yanayin zafi (gefen dumama auku), m gogayya da nakasawa. Saboda haka, domin su yana da muhimmanci sosai ga ci gaba da firamare taurin lokacin tsanani da. Wani irin kayan aiki karfe - high gudun. Amma, shi ne alloyed da tungsten. Taurin ne kiyaye at zazzabi na game da 600 ° C. Akwai ma mutu steels. Suna tsara duka biyu zafi da sanyi nakasawa.

Bigiren manufa ta musamman gami

A masana'antu da amfani gami da musamman halaye kafa. Saboda da m quality, su ne ba makawa a cikin aikin injiniya, yi, man fetur masana'antu. Heat-resistant da zafi-resistant gami ake amfani a yi na gyara na turbines, sassa na motoci. Steels wanda suna da wani babban anticorrosive fasali, ne ba makawa ga samar da bututu, carburetors needles, woje, daban-daban abubuwa da sinadaran masana'antu. A reluwe ga reluwe, buckets, matafila kai - da dalilin dukan wannan ne lalacewa-resistant steels. A taro samar da kusoshi, sukurori da irin wannan abubuwa amfani automaton gami. A marẽmari dole ne isasshe na roba da kuma m. Saboda haka, abu don su ne spring karfe. Domin inganta wannan quality shi ne kara alloyed da chromium, molybdenum. All musamman gami da steels tare da wani sa na musamman halaye iya rage kudin da sassa inda a baya amfani ba ferrous karafa.