Low-carbon karfe: abun da ke ciki da kuma kaddarorin

Ana samun ƙananan carbon a ko'ina. Shahararsa tana dogara ne akan kayan jiki, kayan hade da ƙananan kuɗi. Ana yin amfani da wannan mota a cikin masana'antu da gina. Bari muyi la'akari da wannan irin karfe a cikin dalla-dalla.

Haɗuwa

Karfe - baƙin ƙarfe, wadatar da carbon a cikin hanyar narkewa. A halin yanzu carbon carboners na halin da ake ciki na carbon, wanda ya ƙayyade babban kayan haɓalin karfe, da kuma tsabta: phosphorus (har zuwa 0.07%), silicon (har zuwa 0.35%), sulfur (har zuwa 0.06%), manganese (har zuwa 0.8% ). Saboda haka, ƙananan carbon ne ya ƙunshi fiye da 0.25% carbon. Game sauran Additives, manganese da silicon ne deoxidation (oxygen kau daga cikin narkakkar azurfa, wanda rage brittleness a lokacin zafi nakasawa). Amma ƙara yawan sulfur zai iya haifar da fashewa na motsi a yayin yin zafi, phosphorus - don sanyi.

Hanyar samun

Ana samar da kayan mota mai ƙananan ƙwayar zuwa matakai da dama: cajin baƙin ƙarfe da cire (cajin) a cikin tanderun, yanayin zafi na zafi zuwa yanayin narkewa, kawar da ƙazamai daga taro. Bugu da ari, simintin gyare-gyare na karfe ko ƙarin aiki zai iya faruwa: shinge ko lantarki da iskar gas.

Akwai hanyoyi uku don aiwatar da irin waɗannan matakai:

• Marten furnaces. Abubuwan na yau da kullum. Tsarin narkewa yana faruwa a cikin 'yan sa'o'i kadan, wanda ya sa ya yiwu a biye da ingancin abun da ke ciki zuwa ɗakin gwaje-gwaje.
• Kwandon wuta. Ya samo ta hanyar tsarkakewa da oxygen. Ya kamata a lura cewa allo da aka samo ta wannan hanyar basu da inganci, tun da sun ƙunshi mafi tsabta.
• Ƙunƙasa da wutar lantarki. Hanyar samarwa yana amfani da slag. Ta wannan hanyar, an samu manyan allo da ƙwarewa na musamman.

Yi la'akari da siffofin rarraba allo.

Iri

Low-carbon karfe na iya zama nau'i uku:

• Kyakkyawan ingancin. A cikin waɗannan allo, abun ciki na sulfur baya wuce 0.06%, phosphorus 0.07%.
• Quality. A gaban: sulfur zuwa 0.04%, phosphorus zuwa 0.035%.
• High quality. Abubuwan sulfur abun ciki har zuwa 0.025%, phosphorus har zuwa 0.025%
• Musamman inganci. Low abun ciki na impurities: sulfur har zuwa 0.015%, phosphorus - har zuwa 0.025%.

Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, ƙananan ƙazanta, mafi ingancin haɗin. Low-carbon karfe GOST 380-94 na inganci nagari ya kasu kashi uku:

• A. ƙaddara da ta inji Properties. Irin nauyin bayarwa ga mai siye shi ne mafi yawancin samuwa a cikin nau'i na samfurori da samfurori.
• B. Key Manuniya - da sinadaran abun da ke ciki da kuma dukiyoyinsu. Mafi kyau ga ma'anar motsi na matsa lamba a ƙarƙashin matsalar thermal (ƙirƙirar, hatimi).
• B. Don wadannan iri gami da irin wannan Properties: fasaha, fasaha, ta jiki, sinadaran da, sabili da haka abun da ke ciki.

Ta hanyar aiwatar da deoxidation, an raba karfe zuwa:

• Calm. Tsarin sulhu yana kwantar da hankali. Ba a ba da gudummawa ba a cikin wannan tsari. Shrinkage yana faruwa a tsakiyar ingot.
• Semi-kwantar da hankula. Tsakanin tsaka tsakanin tsattsauran ra'ayi da tafasa.
• Tafasa. Curing yana faruwa da sakin gas. An rufe shi.

Abubuwan Abubuwa na asali

Ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayar ƙarfe ne mai ƙarfi sosai, da sauƙi maras kyau a yanayin sanyi da zafi. Wani fasali na irin wannan ƙaran yana mai kyau weldability. Dangane da ƙarin abubuwa, kayan haɗin ƙarfe na iya bambanta. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da allunan carbon-low-carbon a cikin gini da masana'antu. Wannan shi ne saboda ƙananan farashi da kyawawan kayan haɓaka. Wannan haɗin ma an kira tsarin. An haya ma'adinan ƙananan carbon a alamar. A ƙasa muna la'akari da siffofinsa.

Fasali na alamar

Kasuwanci maras nauyi-carbon karfe yana da ladabi ta CT da dijital. Ya kamata a raba lambar ta hanyar 100, to, yawancin carbon za a fahimta. Alal misali, CT15 (carbon 0.15%).

Yi la'akari da yin la'akari da ƙaddamar da bayanin:

• Na farko haruffa ko rashi sun nuna na zuwa wani rukuni na inganci. Zai iya zama B ko B. Idan babu wata wasika, to, toshe yana da nau'in A.
• St tsaye ga kalmar "karfe".
• Bayanan na dijital shine ƙananan carbon.
• Kp, ps yana nufin wani tafasa ne ko wani yanki wanda aka kashe. Rashin sanyawa ya nuna cewa karfe yana kwantar da hankali (cn).
• Rubutun wasika da kuma dijital bayan ya bayyana abin da ba shi da tsabta a cikin abun da ke ciki da kashi. Alal misali, Г - manganese, Ю - aluminum, Ф - vanadium.

Don ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin carbon, harafin "St" ba a haɗa shi cikin alamar. Ana amfani da zabin launi. Alal misali, low-carbon karfe sa 10 yana da launi mai launi. Ƙarin maɓalli na musamman za a iya nunawa ta ƙarin haruffa. Alal misali, "K" - ana amfani dashi a cikin masana'antun tukwane; OsV - An yi amfani dashi don yin kayan motar motar, da sauransu.

Ka fita samfurori

Za'a iya bambanta yawancin kungiyoyin samfurori:

• Takarda sashi. Rahotanni: leaf-leaf (GOST 19903-74), na bakin ciki (GOST 19904-74), leaf leaf-wide (GOST 8200-70), tsiri (GOST 103-76), wanda aka lalata (GOST 8568-78)
• Bayanan martaba. Daidaita (GOST 8509-93), rashin daidaito (GOST 8510-86).
• Channels (Gost 8240-93).
• I-beams. I-katako talakawa (Gost 8239-89), I-katako, shigo (Gost 26020-83, STO AISU 20-93).
• Bukatun.
• Ƙasa mai laushi.

A wannan lissafin, an ƙara bayanan martaba na biyu, wanda aka kafa ta hanyar waldawa da yin amfani da kayan aiki.

Aikace-aikace

Yanayin yin amfani da ƙananan carbon karfe yana da isa sosai kuma ya dogara da alamar:

• St 0, 1, 3Gsp. Tsarin aikace-aikace a cikin ginin. Alal misali, waya mai ƙarfafa da aka yi da ƙananan carbon,
• 05kp, 08, 08kp, 08yu. Kyakkyawan zane-zane da sanyi (high ductility). An yi amfani da shi a cikin masana'antar mota: sassan jiki, tankuna na man fetur, cails, sassa na welded structures.
• 10, 15 ana amfani da sassa cewa ba su hõre high lodi. Kayan buradi na boilers, hatching, couplings, bolts, screws.
• 18kp. Aikace-aikacen aikace-aikace sune siffofin da aka wallafa ta walda.
• 20, 25. An yadu amfani ga yi na fastening kayan. Couplings, bawul tappets, Frames da sauran sassa na aikin gona inji.
• 30, 35. A gatura a kan wanda load ne kananan, sprockets, giya da sauransu. D.
• 40, 45, 50. Details fuskantar talakawan load. Alal misali, crankshafts, rarraba rarraba.
• 60-85. Sassan da ke da nauyi. Wadannan zasu iya zama raga don jirgin kasa, ƙafafun ga gwanayen ruwa, maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, kwari.

Kamar yadda za a gani, yawancin da ake samarwa yana da yawa - ba kawai hanyar waya ba ne kawai. Har ila yau, wadannan bayanai ne game da hanyoyin da suka shafi hadaddun.

Ƙananan mota da ƙananan-carbon karfe: bambance-bambance

Domin kara kyautata na wani halaye na gami alloying abubuwa. Kayan da ke dauke da ƙananan ƙwayar carbon (har zuwa kashi huɗu na kashi) da kuma haɓaka additattun (yawan kashi - har zuwa 4%) ana kiran su ƙarancin mota. Irin wannan waƙa yana kiyaye manyan halayen haɓaka, amma a lokaci guda an haɓaka abubuwa daban-daban. Alal misali, ƙarfin, halaye-cutarwa da sauransu. A matsayinka na mai mulki, ana amfani da nau'i biyu a cikin sassan da ake yiwa welded, wanda dole ne ya tsayayya da yanayin zazzabi daga minus 40 zuwa 450 Celsius Celsius.

Fasali na waldi

Tsarawa na ƙananan ƙwayoyin carbon yana da babban aikin. Irin nauyin waldawa, zaɓuɓɓuka da kuma kaurinsu an zaba bisa ga bayanan fasaha mai biyowa:

• Dole ne a tabbatar da haɗin.
• Kada a sami lahani.
• Dole ne a aiwatar da abun da ke hade da haɗin gwiwa na haɗin gwiwa bisa ga ka'idodi da aka ƙayyade a cikin GOST.
• Wajiyoyin da aka haɗa da haɗin gwiwa dole ne su hadu da yanayin aiki (tsayayya da vibration, ƙarfin motsa jiki, yanayin yanayin zafi).

Akwai iya amfani da daban-daban iri iri na waldi daga waldi gas zuwa carbon dioxide yanayi consumable lantarki. A zaɓi yana ba da damar haɓaka ƙananan ƙananan carbon da ƙananan allura.

Amma game da aikace-aikacen, ana amfani da ƙananan carbon a cikin gine-gine da ginin na'ura. Karfe sa aka zaba bisa bukata fitarwa jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties. Kasancewar abubuwa mai lalacewa zai iya inganta wasu kaddarorin (juriya ga lalata, canjin yanayi), amma kuma ya kara damuwa da wasu. Kyakkyawan weldability wani amfani ne irin waɗannan allo.

Don haka, mun gano abin da samfurori ke samo daga ƙananan carbon da ƙananan ƙarfe.