The Trans-Siberian railway. Shugabanci na Trans-labarin gini

The Trans-Siberian Railway, wanda aka da ake kira Great Siberian Railway, a yau ya wuce duk Railway Lines a ƙasa. Yana da aka gina daga 1891 zuwa 1916, da cewa shi ne kusan kwata karni. Fiye da 10 000 km na tsawon. Road shugabanci - daga Moscow zuwa Vladivostok. Wannan shi ne na farko da tashar karshe ta jiragen kasa. Wannan shi ne farkon na Trans-Siberian Railway - Moscow, da kuma karshen - Vladivostok. Babu shakka, da jiragen kasa gudu a duka kwatance.

Me ya sa dole gina Trans-Siberian Railway?

Babbar yankunan da Far East, gabashi da yammacin Siberia a farkon karni na 20th, ya kasance yanke daga cikin sauran Rasha Empire. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa akwai bukatar a cikin halittar hanya a kan wanda wani m kudin da lokaci da kuma kudi iya samun can. Yana da ya wajaba a kewaya ta hanyar da Siberia reluwe waƙoƙi. NN Muravyov-Amursky, Gwamna Janar na duk Eastern Siberia, a 1857, ya sanar da batun na yi a kan karkata daga cikin Siberian.

Wa] a] en gudanar da shirin?

Kawai 80-th shekara da gwamnatin yarda da gina hanya. A wannan yanayin, shi amince da ta gina da kansa, ba tare da goyon bayan baiyana. Babbar zuba jari ake bukata da gina hanyoyi. Its price, bisa ga na farko lissafin sanya ta a kan kwamitin yi na Siberian Railway amounted zuwa miliyan 350 zinariya rubles.

A farko ayyukansu

Special balaguro, wanda ya jagoranci A. I. Ursati, OP da NP Vyazemskij Mezheninov, aka aika a 1887 don gane da mafi kyau duka hanya wuri domin nassi na Railways.

Mai baro da kuma gaggawa ne matsalar da ma'aikata ci gaba. Fita shugabanci ya zama "m aiki ajiye sojojin" ga m aiki. Sojoji da fursunoni lissafta ga mafi yawansu, da magina. Rayuwa yanayi a abin da suka yi aiki, suka unbearably nauyi. Sanya ma'aikata a m, cramped barikin, wanda ya ba ko da jima'i. Yanayin tsafta, ba shakka, bar yawa da za a so.

Kamar yadda hanya da aka karkashin gini?

Hannunka ya yi dukan aikin. A da mafi m kayan aikin - a shebur, a sawa, gatari, a amalanke da kuma tara. Duk da dukan inconveniences an aza a kowace shekara game 500-600 kilomita. Wajen yin m kullum gwagwarmaya tare da sojojin na yanayi, injiniyoyi kuma yi ma'aikata sun jimre da girmamawa ga aiki tsarin a cikin wani gajeren lokaci na Great Siberian Way.

Samar da Great Siberian Way

Kusan kammala ta 90 ga watan shekara sun Kudu Ussuriiskaya, Zabaikalskaya na tsakiya da kuma railroads. The kwamitin ministocin a 1891, a watan Fabrairu, ya yanke shawarar cewa za ka iya riga fara yi aiki a kan halittar Great Siberian Way.

The uku matakai kayyade gina babbar hanya. A farko - cikin West Siberian hanya. Next - Trans-Baikal, daga Mysovaya zuwa Sretensk. Kuma na karshe mataki - da Circum-Baikal daga Irkutsk zuwa Khabarovsk.

Na biyu karshen-maki a lokaci guda da gina hanya fara. Yammacin reshe a 1898 ya kai Irkutsk. Duk da yake fasinjoji da ake bukata don canja zuwa tururi, shawo kan shi 65 kilomita na Lake Baikal. Lokacin da aka icebound icebreaker bude hanya zuwa ga jirgin fito. Wannan vesivshaya 4267 ton Mahina aka sanya a Ingila a cikin tsari. A hankali mu reluwe da aka aza tare kudancin bakin Tekun Baikal, da kuma bukatar shi bace.

Matsalolin a lokacin da gina hanyoyi,

A tsaurara sauyin yanayi da kuma yanayi, da gina hanya faru. A hanya da aka sharewa kusan a gaba ɗayansa a kan inda ba wanda yake zaune ko sparsely populated yankunan, m taiga. Haye Trans-Siberian Railway yawa tabkuna, m waɗansu kõguna na Siberia, permafrost kuma Ya ƙãra waterlogging. Domin magina na kwarai wahala ne dake kusa da Lake Baikal ƙasar. Domin shirya hanya a nan, muna da su busa up da kankara, kazalika da gina wucin gadi Tsarin.

Yana ba da taimako zuwa ga yi irin wannan m abu kamar Trans-Siberian Railway, da yanayi. A yankunan da ta wurare biyu bazara watanni da shi ya ragu daga zuwa 90% na shekara-shekara hazo. Brooks ya juya a cikin 'yan sa'o'i a cikin shawa iko ruwa gudana. Manyan filayen na sarari take cike da ruwa a wuraren da Trans-Siberian Railway. Yanayi ƙwarai impede ta yi. Ambaliyar bai fara a cikin bazara, kuma a watan Agusta, ko Yuli. 10-12 nauyi dagawa ruwa ya faru a kan rani. Har ila yau, aikin da aka yi a lokacin sanyi, sa'ad zuwa -50 digiri sanyi kai. Mutane warmed a cikin haimõmi. Babu shakka, sũ, sun kasance sau da yawa m.

A cikin gabashin kasar a tsakiyar 50s aka aza wani sabon reshe - daga Abakan zuwa Komsomolsk-on-Amur. An located tare da babban magitstrali. Wannan line ne domin dabarun dalilai ya m arewa, da kyau daga kasar Sin iyaka.

Ambaliyar 1897

Catastrophic ambaliyar faru a 1897. Fiye da shekaru 200 da aka ba daidai to shi. Iko da kwarara fi 3 mita huda gina tudun ƙasa. Halaka su da wata ambaliyar Dorodinsk birni, wanda aka kafa a cikin farkon 18th karni. Saboda wannan, shi yana zuwa muhimmanci daidaita da farko aikin a kan wanda shiri na Trans-Siberian Railway aka za'ayi: waƙar dauki wani canja wuri zuwa sabon wurare, gina defenses, tãyar mounds, don ƙarfafa gangara. Magina ne a nan a karon farko ya gana da permafrost.

A shekarar 1900 ta fara aiki Trans-Baikal Railway. A tashar Mozgon a 1907 da aka gina a kan permafrost a duniya ta farko da ginin, wanda har yanzu wanzu a yau. A Greenland, Kanada da kuma Alaska sun soma wani sabon Hanyar domin gina wurare a permafrost.

Road, birni Trans-Siberian Railway

Hanyar jirgin kasa na gaba zuwa cikin Trans-Siberian Railway. A hanya ya bi hanya daga Moscow zuwa Vladivostok. Daga cikin babban birnin kasar aika da jirgin kasa crosses da Volga, sa'an nan ya jũya zuwa ga gefen cikin Urals a kudu-maso-gabas, inda game da 1800 km daga Moscow ne kan iyaka tsakanin Asiya da Turai. Daga Yekaterinburg, dake a cikin Urals manyan masana'antu cibiyar, shi ne hanya zuwa ga Novosibirsk da Omsk. Fadin Likitan mata, daya daga cikin mafi iko kõguna a Siberia da m kewayawa, da jirgin kasa da ke m located a kan Yenisei Krasnoyarsk. Bayan haka, Trans-Siberian Railway zama a Irkutsk, a kan kudancin bakin Tekun Baikal nasara da kunya. Yanke daya kusurwa na Gobi hamada da kuma wuce Khabarovsk, jirgin kasa ya fita a tashar - Vladivostok. Wannan shi ne shugabanci na Trans-Siberian Railway.

87 birane suna located a kan Trans-Siberian railway. su yawan ne 300 dubu. up to 15 da miliyan. mutumin. Cibiyoyin na da RF batutuwa ne 14 birane, ta hanyar abin da na Trans-Siberian railway.

A cikin yankuna shi hidima cire kwal a cikin adadin fiye da 65% na jimlar samar a Rasha, da kuma dauki kimanin 20% na refining da kuma 25% a cikin fitarwa na masana'antu itace. Ga game da 80% na kudaden da na halitta albarkatun, ciki har da katako, kwal, iskar gas, da man fetur, da kuma ores na nonferrous da ferrous karafa.

Ta hanyar iyakar tashar Naushki, Zabaykalsk, Grodekovo Hassan a gabas na Trans-Siberian Railway bada damar da samar da hanyoyi a Mongolia, da China da kuma Korea ta Arewa, kuma a yamma, ta hanyar iyakar crossings tare da tsohon jamhuriyoyin da Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Rasha tashoshin jiragen ruwa - na kasashen Turai.

Features na Trans-Siberian

Biyu sassa na duniya (Asiya da Turai) daura da mafi tsawo a kan jirgin ƙasa. Track a nan, kamar yadda a kan duk wasu hanyoyi na kasar mu da kuma fadi Turai. Shi ne mita 1.5.

An kasu kashi da dama sassan Trans-Siberian Railway:

- Amur hanya.

- Circum-Baikal.

- Manchu.

- Trans-Baikal.

- Mid-Siberian.

- West-Siberian.

- Ussuriysk.

Description of hanya sassan

Ussuri hanya, wanda shi ne tsayin 769 km, da kuma yawan abubuwa a kan ta hanyar - 39, a dindindin aiki shiga a cikin Nuwamba 1897. Ita ce ta farko a cikin Far East railway.

A 1892, a watan Yuni, shi ya fara yi na West-Siberian. Yana gudanar banda watershed tsakanin Irtysh da Ishim, a ɗakin kwana ƙasa. Kawai a kusa da gadoji a kan manyan koguna da ta fito. A hanya deviates daga mike kawai kewaye ravines, tafkunan, kogin crossings.

A 1898, a watan Janairu, ya fara gina Mid-Siberian railway. A gaba ɗayansa ne gadoji a kan Kiya kogin Uda, Oia, Tom. LD Proskuryakov tsara na musamman da gada a fadin Yenisei.

Trans-Baikal ne wani ɓangare na Great Siberian Railway. Ya fara a kan lake, da tashar headlands, kuma ƙare a kan Amur River, a kusa da marina Sretensk. Trail kafa tare da bakin Tekun Baikal, a kan ta hanyar Akwai da yawa dutsen koguna. A 1895 ne ta fara da gina hanya a karkashin shiryarwar AN Pushechnikova m.

Bayan sanya hannu na yarjejeniya tsakanin Sin da Rasha da aka ci gaba cigaban Trans-Siberian Railway yi na wani hanya, Manchurian haɗa da Vladivostok Trans-Siberian Railway. Ta hanyar zirga-zirga daga Chelyabinsk zuwa Vladivostok zai bude wannan hanya, da tsawon wanda yake shi ne 6503 km.

A karshe abu fara gina Circum-Baikal yankin (a 1900), domin shi ne mafi tsada da wuya yankin. Engineer Liverovskii jagoranci gina mafi hadaddun na ta tsawon tsakanin capes da Sharazhangaem Aslomovym. A tsawon bututun - 18 th bangare na jimlar tsawon dukan railway. Da rubu'in daga cikin jimlar halin kaka bukata ta yi. Ta hanyar 12 Tunnels da galleries 4 jirgin kasa ya wuce ta wannan hanya.

Amur hanya fara da za a gina a 1906. An raba da gabas da Arewa-Amur Amur line.

Ma'ana Trans

Babban rabo mai girma daga cikin mutane shi ne halittar Trans-Siberian. Construction na Trans-Siberian Railway aka je wulãkanci, jini da kasũsuwa, ashe, amma aikin da aka har yanzu kammala wannan babban aiki. A babbar adadin kaya da kuma fasinjoji a yarda da wani sashe a kan kasar wannan hanya. Inda ba wanda yake zaune Siberian ƙasa suka zaunar saboda ta yi. Shugabanci na Trans-Siberian Railway bayar da gudunmawar inganta tattalin arziki.