A softest karfe a duniya

Metals - irin kayan amfani da mutum tun lokacin da. Wannan rukuni na abubuwa ne sosai yawa, amma su duka raba kowa jiki da halaye, wanda ake kira ƙarfe Properties. Taurin su - yawanci, amma ba ma'ana. Sauran su ne mafi takamaiman, da kuma wanda yana da softest karfe. Wadannan Properties aka ƙaddara da peculiarities na tsarin a matakin kwayoyin.

Properties na karafa

Iron kuma ta gami (karfe, jefa baƙin ƙarfe), jan, aluminum, ... Yin amfani da wadannan kayan alama jerks kimiyya ci gaba a matakai daban-daban na ci gaba da wayewa. Kowace daga cikin wadannan karafa yana da halaye da cewa ba shi da wani musamman m darajar. Common fasali domin su ne high thermal da lantarki watsin, plasticity - ikon kula da mutunci a gare nakasawa, ƙarfe luster.

Damask ruwa cuts da baƙin ƙarfe makamai, da kuma mafi m karfe a wanda akwai alãma daga wata 'yar alamar tasiri, da irin ciki Tsarin. A karkashi - crystalline raga, a cikin abin da nodes - kwayoyin halitta da kyau cajin da kuma tsaka tsaki, tsakanin wanda da "lantarki gas" - barbashi bar m bawo na kwayoyin halitta saboda weakening saboda da core. Special ƙarfe bond tsakanin tabbatacce ions located in crystal raga, yana da za'ayi da karfin jifa, sakamakon da "electron gas". Taurin, yawa, da karfe narkewa zafin jiki ya dogara da taro na "gas".

A sharudda ga kimantawa

A amsar wannan tambaya game da abin da irin na karfe ne mai taushi, za a zama kullum a batu na tattaunawa, idan ba yarda a cikin sharudda ga kima da kuma ayyana manufar tawali'u kanta. Feedback game da wannan hali na kayan za su kasance daban-daban kwararru a daban-daban da masana'antu. Metallurgist iya gane kamar softness mafi girma ductility ayan gane da nakasawa da abrasive kayan, da sauransu. D.

Ga kayan masana kimiyya bukatar su iya ma'ana kwatanta da halaye na daban-daban kayan. Softness dole ne ma da na kowa kimantawa sharudda. A softest karfe a duniya kamata ya yi a gane Manuniya hakikanta ya "rikodin" yi. Akwai da dama dabaru wanda nufi shi ne don auna softness na daban-daban kayan.

hanyoyin da ji

Mai bokan taurin ji hanyoyin da su ne bisa ji da daidaici kayan aikin lamba tasiri a gwajin abu daga m jiki, da ake kira indenter. Dangane da irin indenter da kuma a kan hanyoyin da ji da dama na asali hanyoyin:

- Brinell Hanyar. Niyya indentation diamita karfe ball ya fita daga indentation cikin surface na gwajin abu.

- Rockwell. Auna indentation zurfin da lu'u-lu'u surface na ball ko mazugi.

- Vickers. M Buga yankin, barin lu'u-lu'u hudu-gefe dala.

- baki daga bãyan wancan. Yana yana da sikelin for sosai wuya da kuma mai taushi da kayayyakin - auna zurfin nutsewa musamman allura ko da tsawo daga cikin irinta daga surface na musamman fil.

Mohs sikelin da taurin

Wannan sikelin for kayyade zumunta taurin ma'adanai da karafa da aka samarwa a farkon na XIX karni Jamus Fridrihom Moosom. Ya dogara ne a kan hanyar da tõno a lokacin da wani m samfurin bar wata alama a softer, da kuma sosai dace don gano - abin da ƙarfe ne softest. A dangane da reference 10 ma'adanai, wanda aka sanya a matukar awo na taurin, da gwajin abu da aka ƙaddara a kan sikelin, da kuma na lamba index. Dauke da softest ma'adinai - talc. Yana yana da wani Mohs taurin - 1, kuma mafi m, da lu'u-lu'u - 10.

Evaluation na taurin kan Mohs sikelin auku a kan wani "softer - shi ne wuya." Ƙayyade daidai da yadda sau da dama, misali, aluminum da ciwon Mohs index 2,75, softer tungsten (6.0) da ciwon kawai ji sakamakon bincike akan wasu hanyoyin. Amma domin sanin softest karfe a cikin lokaci-lokaci tebur na tebur isa.

Mafi m - Alkali karafa

Daga cikin mineralogical Mohs sikelin da shi ya nuna cewa softest ne da abubuwa na ga Alkali karafa. Ko Mercury, saba wa da yawa a cikin ruwa na ma'aunin zafi da sanyio, yana mai taurin darajar 1.5. Lalla ~ mahara abubuwa da ciwon kama physico-sinadaran da kuma inji Properties: lithium (0.6 Mohs 'sikelin), sodium (0.5), potassium (0.4), rubidium (0.3). Mafi m karfe - shi ne cesium, ciwon taurin kan Mohs sikelin index 0.2.

Jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties na Alkali karafa ake tsare da su electron sanyi. Shi ne kawai dan kadan daban-daban daga cikin tsarin na inert gas. Electrons located a cikin matsanancin ƙarfi matakin yana da motsi, wanda kayyade high sinadaran aiki. A softest karafa halin musamman volatility, sun kasance wuya a sarrafa da kuma kula da canzawa. Suna halin tashin hankali sunadarai dauki da iska, ruwa, da iskan shaqa.

Sinadarin 55 №

Sunan "Cs" ya zo daga Latin caesius - "sama-blue" a bakan jefarwa da zafi sosai dũkiyõyinsu a cikin infrared nuna biyu haske blue ratsi. A ta da tsarki form shi ne mai kyau tunani na haske, kamar hasken zinariya da azurfa - rawaya. Cesium - da taushi karfe a duniya, taurin Brinell index - 0,15 MN / ^m2 (0,015 kgf / cm ^2). Narkewa batu: + 28,5 ° C, saboda haka a karkashin talakawa yanayi a dakin da zazzabi for cesium ne a cikin semiliquid jihar.

Yana da rare, tsada da kuma sosai amsawa karfe. A lantarki, lantarki injiniya da kuma sinadaran masana'antu cesium high fasahar da ta gami an gano kara yin amfani da bukatar shi ne kara ci gaba. Yana bukaci ta sinadaran aiki, ikon samar da wani fili tare da mafi watsin. Cesium - wani muhimmin bangaren samar da musamman Tantancewar kida, lighting tare da musamman Properties da sauran high-tech kayayyakin. A wannan yanayin, da softness - shi ne ba da mafi nemi-bayan quality.