Hexameter - menene wannan? Hexameter shayari in Russian

Verse za a iya kira a dukkan kimiyya, wanda yana da dokoki da farillai, ci gaba a kan su na shekaru dubbai na zama wakoki. A wannan labarin, za mu magana game da daya daga cikin mafi tsoho poetic girma - hexameter.

Mene ne hexameter a cikin adabi?

Hexameters kira mafi tsufa siffofin aya, da aka sani tun tsufa. Yana da wani 6-tasha dactylic mita tare da wani caesura bayan 7th syllable kuma taqaitaccen karshen daya syllable. Hexameter ya fi na kowa mita a zamanin d shayari, shi ne suka rubuta "The Odyssey" da "Iliad." Saboda haka kuma ake kira da hexameter almara da kuma jaruntakar ayar.

labarin

Hexameter - a tsarin awo ayar da cewa ya zo game da 8th karni BC. e. a zamanin tsohuwar Girka. Masana kimiyya ba da cikakken sani ba yadda akwai wannan size. Akwai hasashe game da yanayin da hexameter aro. Bisa ga sanannen imani, wannan mita ta taso a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Bahitte, da Hurrian waqe. Da farko, akwai kasidu hada da hexameter dokokin da aka ba da aka rubuta saukar, amma shige ta maganar bakinka.

A cewar mythology, wannan nau'i na aya, da aka halitta da tsoho Greek bautãwa Apollo, da kuma rarraba shi a cikin ƙasa, Allah ya Phemonoe, Delphic Pythia. Ba abin mamaki ba cewa na farko hexameter amfani ne kawai a cikin tsarki da gwaje-gwaje, misali a cikin shirye-shiryen da jawabai, bokanci kuma addini waka. Sau da yawa, wadannan ayoyin da aka furta zuwa bi da kida.

Da yawa daga baya hexameter shiga cikin jaruntakar shayari kuma sauran siffofin ayar. Kuma farko da rubuce-rubuce samfurin ya zama shahararren ayyukan Homer - "Odyssey" da "Iliad", da rubuce-rubuce na wanda Dates baya kusa 9-8 ƙarni BC. e. A cikin wadannan ayoyin hexameter bayyana a cikin classic form. Saboda haka, masana kimiyya da wata hanya don gano samuwar wannan nau'i na shayari, na farko da aka rubuta abin tunawa ne wani misali da wani cikakken da cikakkiyar sifa mita.

Amma ga Roman shayari, akwai hexameter aka fara gabatar Quintus Enniem. A general, ta wurin sosai yanayi, wannan aya form ya dace da harsuna kamar Latin da tsoho Greek, inda wasula longitude da phonological darajar. Don kwanan wata, wannan adadin ba a amfani dasu a classic tsari, shi ne kawai koyi da sake artificially.

Hexameter: misalai na waqoqi da su tsarin

Jaruntakar tsoho hexameter ne mai 6-tasha ayar da biyu daban-daban tasha cika. Strong wuri da ake kira arsis, shi ne kawai zai iya zama dogon syllable. The rauni aya daga cikin rubutun da aka kira - shi na iya zama duka dogon da kuma gajeren syllable. Babban abu ya girmama da manufa na gwada yawa, da cewa shi ne daidai quantify. A wannan yanayin, na karshe syllable iya zama kowa da shi ne wata ãyã daga cikin karshen waka. Tuki hexameter kamar haka: _UU | _UU | _UU | _UU | _UU | _X

Ganin cewa kowane tasha za a iya maye gurbinsu spondee, za mu iya cewa akwai kawai 32 yiwu gane irin wannan ayar. Classic 17-hadadden zai sauti haka: Quādrupedānte putrēm sonitū quatit ūngula cāmpūm ...

Dole mu ba misalai a cikin Latin harshe, saboda Rasha harshen kawai ba shi da ikon rubuta wakoki classic hexameter saboda rashin tsawo da kuma gajeren vowels.

caesura

Saboda haka, idan ka taba aiki a kula da aiki zai fada wa "bayyana sharuddan" hexameter "da" caesura "," yadda za a amsa ga kashi na farko na shi - ku sani ba, amma abin da game da biyu?

Caesura kira kagensa (a irin Dakatawa) wanda monotonously maimaita a ko'ina cikin waka. Ɓangare na abin da za a iya samu bayan rabuwar su caesura, kira hemistichs.

Rawar da wadannan pauses hexameter manyan saboda da fasali na rhythmic size. Kuma, misali, syllabic caesura ba taka muhimmiyar rawa ga fahimta daga ayar. The girman da awo (recitative, da tsayayyen farashi) Dakatawa ake bukata, saboda ba tare da su ba shi yiwuwa a kama kunne monoritmicheskuyu dogon kirtani.

Duk da haka, asali furta ba tare da pauses hexameter. Misalai ayoyi sacral irin ne a auna. Kuma daga baya, tare da ci gaban mutum kerawa, poetic tsarin samo asali. Cikakken gane muhimmancin da caesura iya kawai m na harshen asali na zamanin d ayyukan da aka rubuta.

Saboda haka, hexameter - ayar wannan size, kunsha na jẽre shirya rabo ternary, farkon da kuma karshen wanda ake alama ta pauses. Yawancin lokaci, aya kamar samfurin ne zuwa kashi 2-3 gutsure.

Me amfani

Kamar yadda ka sani, poetic girma da su na ginin jumla siffofin, daidai da wanda duka biyu tambaya. Hexameter - shi ne na farko, kuma farkon mai girma kayan aiki ga image halittar kuma ta kara fadada.

Gogaggen kasida, alternating pauses, za a iya cimma sosai high cikin sharuddan hasashe m sakamako. Ko da more, wannan sakamako za a iya inganta hanyar maye gurbin saba ayar spondee.

A sakamakon haka, a classic size amfani da su bayyana m mataki da cewa ya m a yanayi. A spondee saka a lokacin da akwai bukatar solemnity da kuma inda hakan muhimmanci.

Hexameter a tonic

Duk da haka, akwai harsuna a cikin abin da wasali tsawon yana da wani phonological darajar, kamar Jamus, Rasha da kuma sauransu. A irin wannan harsuna hexameter an sake ƙirƙirarsu artificially domin kai da girman da Latin litattafansu da tsoho Greek ayyukansu.

Irin wannan wucin gadi hexameter yawanci waka 6-buga baƙaƙe da 2, da kuma wani lokacin daya, unstressed. Saboda haka, a cikin tsarin da syllabic-tonic prosody shi ya dubi kamar dactyl 6-daina, wanda za a iya maye gurbinsu ƙungiyar mawaƙa. Har ila yau, wannan makirci ne ake kira 6-tasha dactylo-trochaic dol'nik. Caesura a cikin wannan hali ya zauna a tsakiyar stanza.

Rasha hexameter

Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, da girman da artificially sake ƙirƙirarsu a Rasha harshe. Ya na da 18 hannun jari, da asali tsoho - 24 rabo.

Hexameter a Rasha harshen bi dokoki na talakawa trisyllabic masu girma dabam, tare da jaddada syllables za a iya maye gurbinsu da unstressed, da kuma mataimakin versa. Yawancin lokaci shi yana da wadannan makirci:

_UU | _UU | _UU || _UU | _UU | _U, inda || - wani nadi caesura.

Ya kasance na farko a Rasha prosody sized lobes hexameter. Poems rubuta da wannan makirci, da farko ya bayyana a cikin "nahawu" M. Smotritsky a 1619. Duk da haka, shi kuwa har yanzu yana shaci, kamar yadda tsawo da kuma gajeren syllables aka kafa siddan da kuma sama-sama ne ya yi kama da wani aya daga cikin sãɓãwar dactyls spondee. Na farko shi ne wani misali na ci hexameter yana dauke da wani aiki na Swede Johan Gabriel Sparwenfeld, rubuta a 1704.

Trediakovskii

Duk da haka, kawai na farko amince Trediakovskii kudi ga hexameter - trinadtsatislozhnik. Wannan ra'ayin ya gabatar a cikin littafinsa "Wani sabon da rakaitacce hanya zuwa Bugu da kari na Rasha shayari". A farko misalai na sabon size na mawãƙi ba a cikin littafin "Argenida": "Da farko Phoebus, ce da waɗanda suka yi zina da Venus Mars / iya gani: wannan Allah Mai gani ne ga duk abin da ya faru, na farko ...".

Hexameter, misalai na wanda za a iya samu a cikin wasu ayyukan Trediakovsky, irin wannan ya zama wani classic na Rasha wallafe-wallafe.

Amma aikin a kan size bai daina, shi ci gaba Lomonosov. Ya bai canja wani abu, amma shi ya ba da msar tambayar gaskata ga Trediakovsky. Abu mai muhimmanci da kuma cewa wadannan safiyo sun taimaka Lomonosov a wurin aiki da kuma a kan syllabic-tonic tsarin, wanda ya zama tushen da Rasha shayari.

Homer Fassarori

Hexameter - wannan ba mafi mashahuri tsarin a cikin Rasha shayari. The kawai gaske da muhimmanci da kuma babban misali na shi ne translation na Homeric waqe, wanda sanya Gnedich H. da kuma V. Zhukovsky.

Just wuya a kan translation na "Iliad" aiki Gnedich - 2 sau ya bayyana wani samfuri na Greek litattafansu a litattafan kuma a cikin aya 1 sake. A karshe ƙoƙari (1787) shi ne mafi muhimmanci, kamar yadda for shi don haka muna da su ci gaba da yawa aikin sake fasalin da hexameter da kuma daidaita shi zuwa Rasha harshe. Ko da yake da farko ya yi kokarin fassara da alexandrine, abin da ya shafe shekaru 6, amma ya tãɓe a sakamakon haka, ya halakar da dukan takardun, sai ya fara sake riga ta amfani kawai da hexameter.

Godiya ga wannan} o} arin Gnedich gudanar ya halicci mafi kyau fassarar Homer, wanda aka dauke yarda da juna, to wannan rana. Ga wani sharhin, an ɗauko daga shi: "The kalma mutu, ya zauna Festorid. kuma daga cikin rundunar erecting / m gwarzo, a tsawon, ubangijina sarki Agamemnon ... ". Rubuta hexameter a cikin na asali, "Iliad" a cikin wannan hanya da aka sake halittarsa a cikin wannan kari a Rasha.

Wuya a yi ĩmãni ba, amma da farko translation misalai da aka hadu barnatar da masu karatu da kuma zaba Gnedich ya kare poetic girma.

karni na 19th

Aiki a kan fassarorin da na Homer ci gaba Zhukovsky, gabatar da Rasha karatu "Odyssey." Ya kuma rike wani babban karbuwa "War of beraye da kwaɗi," wanda shi ne ma ga poetic akai shi ne hexameter. Misalai na ayyuka: "Muse, gaya mani game da sosai gogaggen miji wanda / tafiya da dogon rana, kamar yadda wani mai tsarki Ilion halakar da su ..." ( "Odyssey"); "Ku kasa kunne, ina gaya muku, abokai, game da beraye da kwaɗi / Tale of ƙarya, kuma song ne mai gaskiya labarin, muna gaya wa ;. amma wannan ... "(" War ").

Akwai kuma wani hexameter isa Pushkin, Lermontov, su ɗauko da kuma wasu masu kasida daga cikin karni na 19th. Duk da haka, sha'awa cikin da shi a hankali bice. A cikin karni na 20th, wannan ayar size farfado a cikin ayyukan Viacheslav. Ivanova, Balmont, Shengeli Nabokov.