Hotuna - menene wannan? Da ma'anar "hotuna". samfurori

Domin fahimtar ma'anar "hotuna", tuna a fara da, cewa wannan magana da aka aro ta mu daga Faransa. Faransa kalmar "hoto" (image, bayana labarun) cikakken bayanin da mutum nufin real mutane ko kungiyoyi ta hanyar adabi ko zane-zane. Wannan, tare da wani waje kama hoto yana da yet ya kama ruhaniya duniya daga cikin mutum.

Mene ne hotuna

A al'adunsu, hotuna - mai raba irin art. Dangane da abin da size ya zama wani hoto, wani hoto na iya zama wani girma, cewa shi ne mutumin da a da shi ne bayyana a cika tsawo, fasa, kugu ko al'ummomi. Daban-daban hotuna da kuma hali da kuma canjawa da mutum adadi. Akwai hotuna na cika-fuska a lokacin da fuska ne ya juya kai tsaye zuwa ga viewer. Kashi uku - ne shugaban da kuma adadi tura dan kadan zuwa dama ko hagu, kuma, ba shakka, profile hoto.

Kuma akwai abin da ake kira m hotuna, wanda yawanci wakilci mutane tare da high zamantakewa matsayi a cikin m tufafin da kuma kauri shirya kai, ko hotuna, wanda za ka iya ganin mutane a cikin saba gida ko aikin yanayi. Graphic hoto kõma da artists pencils, gawayi, sanguine, pastel. A hoton-rubuce hoto a man a kan zane ko wasu Paints (watercolor, gouache, tempera, acrylic Paint) a kan takarda ko kwali.

Akwai ma kai-hotuna, hotuna, kazalika da wallafe-wallafen hotuna. A su za a tattauna dabam.

Famous Rasha hoto mai zane-zane

Ba kowane talented artist iya zana siffofi da kuma fuskokin da mutane, har ma fiye da haka don su iya aika da kyau-hoto. Alal misali, babban wuri mai faɗi zane-zane Levitan bai mallaki iyawa portraitist. Ya ko da yaushe kusantar kawai yanayi. Amma irin wannan Rasha artists kamar I. E. Repin da V. A. Serov, yana a duniya kyauta, wanda damar su rubuta musu kyauta biyu mutane da kuma yanayi.

Famous Repin ta hotuna - ne "Vertical na Chaliapin" hoto "a rana" (wanda ya siffanta Nadezhda Ilinichna Repina), "Autumn Bouquet", "Mazari" (inda fenta wanda aka nuna hoton na 'yarsa) da kuma wasu ayyukan da babban artist. A Rasha art akwai wani gallery na lafiya misalai na portraiture. A cikin hoto Genre aiki IP Argunov, D. G. Levitsky, F. S. Rokotov, VL Borovikovsky, K. Bryullov da sauran artists.

Kai hotuna

Kai-hotuna - da Genre da lafiya art cancanci kulawa ta musamman. Wadannan hotuna - hoto da artist kansa, hanyar da ya ga kansa a matsayin idan daga waje. Ba kowa ba ne zai iya zana nuna fairly da gaskiya. Psychologists ce cewa mutane sukan gan su siffarsa a cikin madubi kadan daban, ba na son kewaye. Amma baiwa iya duba a kanka ma'ana. Wasu sanannun artists kullum fentin nasu hotuna. Alal misali, impressionist fenta bah Gogh. Don sun tsira 35 da ya kai hotuna, fentin a daban-daban lokaci na rayuwarsa.

Wani rikodin ga wani ɓangare na image kanta - Albrecht Dürer (50 hotuna). Amma wani umurni da gubar a cikin yawan kai hotuna nasa ne da mai girma Flemish Rembrandt. Akwai da yawa kamar yadda 90 zane-zane, wanda ya kama da shi ne ba, rubuta da kansa. Kai hotuna ma rubuta Leonardo Vinci, Sandro Botticelli, Dürer da Gauguin. A cikin 'yan shekaru, wasu masu sukar ko karkata zuwa imani da cewa sanannen "Mona Lisa" - shi ne kome kamar rufe kanta kai-hoto na Vinci. Wannan version albeit rigima, amma lalle ban sha'awa sosai.

wallafe-wallafen hotuna

Da ban sha'awa sosai wallafe-wallafen hotuna. The kyau hoto na har ma da mafi talented artist ba za a iya nuna dukan halaye na wani hali na mutumin da, ya halaye, da sauransu. D. Amma littafin-hoto iya daidai jimre wannan aiki. Saboda girma da wallafe-wallafen hotuna na mutane wanda aka halicce su da marubuta bayan nazarin tarihi kafofin kuma mashaidi asusun, yanzu muna iya wakiltar da karami siffofin images L. N. Tolstogo, A. S. Pushkina, N. V. Gogolya da kuma wasu manyan marubuta, artists da kuma tarihi Figures.

Sau da yawa cikakken wallafe-wallafen hotuna da aka bayyana a cikin art memoirs. Mutumin a shafukan da littafin tattaunawa game da rayuwarsa, game da tarihi lokaci zuwa wanda shi ya na da, da kuma ko da yaushe tana nufin mutanen da suke kusa da nan, game da labarai cewa ta sãme su. Wani misali na wannan salo zai iya zama littafin T. A. Kuzminskoy "My rayuwa a Yasnaya Polyana", inda ya gaya ba kawai da labarin rayuwarsa, amma kuma masterfully gaya labarin rayuwar Leo Tolstoy da iyalinsa.

hoto Photography

Kuma, a karshe, za mu samu a cikin hotuna. A marigayi 30-ies na XIX karni. Faransa Louis Daguerre ƙirƙira daukar hoto. Tun daga nan, mutane sun samu babban damar kama su nuni da sauri kuma a cikin wani yawa. Artists Services a kowane lokaci suna da tsada, don haka kafin ciwon nasu hotuna iya iya kawai arziki da kuma shahararrun mutane. Amma tare da zuwan daukar hoto dabara ya canza. Yanzu kowa zai iya barin zuriyarsu a cikin image memory. A daukar hoto hoto - shi ne mai raba salo. A kamara yana da wani motsin zuciyarmu da kuma na kama da mutum halaye daga cikin mafi m, a lokaci guda shi ne iya kama da motsin zuciyarmu, da yanayi na mutum da na ruhaniya duniya.

Godiya ga hotuna, yanzu muna iya yin hukunci da bayyanar da dogon-fita daga cikinmu mutane. Akwai ban mamaki hotuna Sergeya Esenina, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Alberta Eynshteyna, Lva Nikolaevicha Tolstogo, da kuma sauran sanannun talanti, sanya wata babbar gudummawa ga ci gaban m da kuma kimiyya dabi'u na mu wayewa.