Ilimi Karkasa Rasha jihar: abubuwan da ake bukata, fasali, turakun

A karshe rushewar Rasha a 1132 ya makawa. A ci gaba da mulkin gargajiya jama'a ko da yaushe take kaiwa zuwa wannan. Wannan a kanta ne ba wani mummunan abu ga al'umma na zamanin. Hakika, tarihin darussa a makaranta, kazalika da nazari na zamanin d adabi qarfafa zuriyarsa korau connotation fragmentation. Isar da shi a lõkacin da wasu daga cikin mawallafa da cewa "Mirili" shugabanninmu, yi masu gargadi game da hatsarin fragmentation na jihar. Duk da haka, wannan tsari, da bambanci, take kaiwa zuwa ga cigaban da periphery, da flourishing al'adu na m sojojin a kowane ƙasar. Fragmentation "matse" na fiefdoms iyakar kafin su gama a wani karfi a jihar tare da guda kasuwar.

Fragmentation daidai da mamayewa

Ilimi Karkasa Rasha jihar shi azumi ba, duk da dukan abubuwan da ake bukata. Don duk Laifi - mamayewa a 30s na 13th karni rundunar 'Mongol-Tatars. Su fadada tura da samuwar Karkasa Rasha jihar da dama ƙarni, da kuma takamaiman cibiyoyin Rasha na iko arziki birane sun zama gudu-saukar da kauye. The prince ta gwamnati a lokacin Mongol zama ya daina kula da sanya yankuna. Its main aiki - don tattara dace haraji ga nasara, ba manta da kansa. A karfi zama sarauta, da mafi hatsari an dauke a cikin idanu na mangolawa.

Manta "exploits" Aleksandra Nevskogo

A tarihin wannan lokaci yana da 'yan lokuta na duka lalata dukan biranen, ya yi ƙarfin halin tawaye da ikon khans. A mafi ƙwarai abu da cewa irin wannan ganawarsu, "nutsar a jini," da Rasha sarakuna. Daya daga cikin manyan magoya bayan na mangolawa - mu "m" bangaskiya Aleksandr Nevsky. Sau da yawa a kan tsari na Khans, shi da kansa ya jagoranci punitive balaguro da 'yan tawaye. Duk da haka, shi ya Alexander Nevsky fara wani sabon daular, wanda aka haɗa da daidaituwa na Rasha ƙasashe kewaye da Moscow.

Abubuwan da ake bukata Ilimi na Rasha Karkasa jihar

Tsohon Rasha iya ba gama a daya bayyana. Wannan aka yuwuwa ta:

• A na kowa harshe.
• Common bangaskiya.
• Hadin gwiwa da al'adar, dokokin.
• Daidaita matakan asusu.
• Related sadarwa, da kuma haka. D.

Development na noma

Duk da yake ci gaba da m sojojin ba ya isa a ganiya a cikin yankuna don ci farkon zuwa ce. Amma tun farkon 14th karni fara aiki tattalin arziki tsakanin sau daya-united asashe. Dalilin wannan - da m cin gaban aikin noma.

Duniya ya koya wa rayuwa karkiyar. Amma kar ka manta da cewa "Mongolian hula 'kare da manyan sikelin-yaƙe-yaƙe da kuma mamayar. M ci gaban da ya kai ga cewa da zarar wõfintattu yankin suka fara samar sake. Bugu da kari, da invaders nuna sabon masana'antu da cewa ba a baya ƙware Rusich, - waddan da kuma doki kiwo. Tattalin arziki regionalization ya faru, ba tare da wanda aiki tattalin arziki da hulda zai zama kawai m. Saboda haka, samuwar na Karkasa Rasha jihar rinjayi da bukatar haifar da guda kasuwar. Ã'a, mafi yawansu duk shi ya zama dole don rufe lyãyengiji. The most of su ne Church. A da shi za a tattauna kara.

Da muhimmancin da coci

A nasa ne mai girma rawar da Church a cikin samuwar na Rasha Karkasa jihar. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa a lokacin Mongol-Tatar mamayewa, da invaders bai shafe ta ba. A akasin wannan, da suka yi mata cikakken 'yanci da' yancin kai. Mongolian hikima ya san ba a layi daya a tarihi - suka taba canza da nasara da jama'arsu. Duk da yake, a matsayin mai mulkin, ƙananan al'adu da fasaha ci gaba fiye da ya ci da yaki mutane, da Mongol-Tatars kokarin ya dauko duk gagarumin sakamakon su ci gaba. Duk da haka, ko da daga baya, ba su bukatar shi, shi ya kasance guda: addini, adabi, art. Kawai siyasa 'yancin walwala da aka iyakance. Game da tattalin arziki da al'adu ci gaba, akwai da aka bai da cikakken 'yancin zabi, kawai a kan lokaci biya "fita."

Don maida Musulunci, da taro ya taba tada batun na ƙeta da Orthodoxy a Rasha da kuma Kaddamar da wani addini. Sun gane cewa haraji an dauki sananne ga kowa mutum. A duk inda ta ke - a Kiev ko a cikin sito. Duk da haka, da kai hari a kan addini a rai - wannan mutumin ba za a iya jure. Rayuwa da aka gani a matsayin wucin gadi kyaun wurin ƙailũla na har abada ni'ima. Ka yi kokarin canza cewa - kuma Rasha mutane za su mutu a yaki da invaders.

A zama na Rasha take kaiwa zuwa Yunƙurin na coci

Domin wannan dalili da Church a Rasha ba kawai bice, amma, a maimakon haka, ya yi girma arziki. Ta aka bai wa wõfintattu ƙasashen da aka lalatar da yaki da devastation. Bugu da kari, da coci da aka mai iko mulkin gargajiya ubangijina. Don ta zo a guje zãlunci, kuma ya raunana mutane. Akwai su samu tsari, tsari amma bydi zamar masa dole ya yi aiki domin ta amfani. Bayar, ba shakka, shi ne yawa softer fiye da saba mulkin gargajiya da sarakunanku. Coci da aka Ban daga biyan wajibi Mongol "mafita," kuma mai tsarki ubanninsu sun kasance mafi suna fadin fiye da wadanda mutane aristocrats.

The girma ikon da mulkin gargajiya iyayengiji bukaci da a united jihar

Ikon da gidajen lama da mulkin gargajiya iyayengiji bukaci guda jihar su hukunci da galihu matsayi a cikin kowane sarauta, da kuma a kan wani guda sararin ƙasa da wani iko da administrative na'ura. Saboda haka, coci na farko mulkin gargajiya iyayengiji goyon cikin daidaituwa na Rasha ƙasashe kewaye da Moscow. Yana da aka motsi nan daga Vladimir kowa ga duk Rasha ƙasar Metropolitan dogon kafin ta tadawa ba ka damar kusantar da irin wannan karshe.

Samar da wata guda jihar: mataki na farko (karshen 13th karni - 1462)

Halittar wani Karkasa Rasha jihar ya faru a dama, saukarwa. A farko shi ne mai tambaya na nan gaba babban birnin kasar. Yau, yana da wuya a yi ĩmãni ba, amma da samuwar da Karkasa Rasha jihar iya faruwa a karkashin tutar Tver, Moscow da kuma ba, kamar yadda da yawa mafi kusantar su yi wannan:

• m ɓangaren da;
• wata babbar cibiyar.
• na farko support khans.
• tattalin arziki da kuma soja iko.

Rauni - cikin Babban amfani

Duk da haka, da fasali na samuwar da Rasha Karkasa jihar cewa muka ambata a sama da abũbuwan amfãni a gwagwarmayar shugabanci sau da yawa degenerating cikin disadvantages. Hana ta m irin cibiyoyin. Su na farko makaman birnin Vladimir, yin shi kawai a maras cibiyar. Ka tuna cewa babban suna a Rasha da aka kira "The Grand Duke Vladimir." Tare da shi da Rasha sarakuna samu lakabin a kan administrative management a duk birane. Duk da haka, birnin Vladimir ya juya zuwa ga kauye, kamar yadda mangolawa bi da rashin yiwuwar ta tadawa. Sun ji tsõron ya iya zama cikin banner na samun 'yanci gwagwarmaya da Khans.

Nasara ba su hukunci

Lokacin da na farko dan Aleksandra Nevskogo Daniil (1282-1303 gg.) Don Moscow tafi kawai da kewaye kauyuka a cikin radius na 40 km. Duk da haka, da zuriyar da lashe Jamus da kuma Swedes shekaru 80 ya yi, watakila, duk da cewa shi ne zai yiwu: auratayya da Khan, tara kudi, ya sayi up duk free Knights kadarori a wasu mulkoki, ya koma Lardi zama mata da kuma gilla mur da tawaye a Tver da Khan cewa sanya wannan gari zuwa ga ƙasa.

farko juriya

By 1380, da imani da mu ƙarfi, Prince Dmitry yanke shawarar ba da juriya ga taro. Hakika, duk abin da aka ce records da kuma zamanin da Rasha mawallafa, yakin Kulikovo ya ba wa Khan, da kuma a kan daya daga cikin Tartar bafadan - Mamaia. A zamani parlance, "upstart" wanda ba shi da istinbadi dalĩli a ko'ina cikin taro. Amma yun al'amari na fitina ba Yunƙurin zuwa ga abin da shi ne riga an hukuma Khan Tokhtamysh 2 shekaru daga baya, a 1382, da kaina dauki bangare a cikin yakin da Moscow, ya ƙone ta a kasa. Tarihi littattafai magana mai yawa game da yakin Kulikov, ma'anarsa nasara. Duk da haka, kawai biyu Lines suna kira punitive kisan kiyashi na Rasha bayan taron.

Association ba ya hana

Bayan da yaƙi tare da Golden taro Dmitry Donskoy ya ci gaba da ilimi a Karkasa Rasha jihar. By Moscow da aka a haɗe Dmitrov, Uglich, Starodub, Kostroma, yanki Beloozero.

By karshen 14th karni sanya matakai na farko a kan Accession na Novgorod Jamhuriyar. Duk da haka, ko da ya amince wa kanta da hakkin ya Dvina ƙasar ne ba zai yiwu. Novgorod Tsanani arziki ciniki cibiyar ba kawai na Rasha amma kuma duk duniya. Babbar kudi da damar ta yi wani juriya ga invaders. Kawai daga baya, bayan da Accession daga dukan ƙasashe da cewa kawota abinci domin da 'yanci-m jamhuriyar, Moscow ta amfani da ci da ceto da kuma tattalin arziki kawancen rushe a Novgorod tsaron gida. Dogara a kan hatsi Novgorod taka m wargi da jamhuriyar.

A karshe mataki

A karshe mataki na tarayya, nasa ne da 1462-1533 shekara - daga zamanin Ivan III (1462-1505) kafin karshen zamanin ɗansa, Vasily III (1505-1533). Bayan su, guda a jihar za su zama da salama kawai a karkashin Ivan da Munin. Sai dai in, ba shakka, wannan lokaci za a iya kira lumana. Bayan da ta zo da wani dogon lokaci na Lokaci na matsaloli da kuma shisshigi.

Da samuwar da Rasha Karkasa jihar (. 14-15 cc) saboda da wadannan manyan abubuwan da suka faru:

• A kifar da Tartar karkiya.
• Shiga Tver.
• Shiga Novgorod.

Bayan da kifar da taro a 1480 akwai wani karfi iya hana wannan tsari, kamar yadda da samuwar da Karkasa Rasha jihar.

Chronology na ci

• 1478 - Ivan III karfi dora Novgorod. Moscow sau biyu ya karu geographically.
• 1485 - karshe shiga manyan siyasa maƙiyi Moscow - Tver.
• 1489 - Vyatka kasa da yawa da ba-Russian yawan jama'a.
• 1510 - Pskov, wanda aka katse a lokacin Novgorod. Bayan haka, shiga cikin karshen kawai da wani al'amari na lokacin.
• Shekarar 1514 - Moscow a lokacin yaki da Lithuania recaptures zamanin d Rasha birnin Smolensk. Wannan birni ne har yanzu a nan gaba zai zama wani da nake toshe a cikin kasashen waje da manufofin na Rasha jihar da kuma haifar da wani m yaki da Commonwealth.
• 1521 - ƙa'ida shiga Ryazan, ko da yake a gaskiya na dogon lokaci da sarakunan Moscow lashe kan wa gefe na Ryazan boyars.

Na so a ce Muscovy, kamar yadda suka kira wannan kasar, shi ne mafi girma a Turai. Amma samuwar kuma ci gaban da Rasha Karkasa jihar shi ba lumana. Matakai tare da m yaƙe-yaƙe, da cin hanci, hukuncin kisa, cin amana.

Ilimi Karkasa Rasha jihar. Politika Ivana III da Vasily III

da manufofin da bauta kana da manoma ya fara bayan kammala da ci tsari. A gaskiya, abin da shi ya nemi iyayengiji, ciki har da coci. Yana da yake a Sudebnik Ivan III a 1497 a karon farko gyarawa ƙuntatawa na game da dama kula da manoma daga gonaki. Hakika, kafin ƙarshen goro ba zai juya, amma kanta a rage mata ya kasance mai tsanani buga. Ya zuwa yanzu, manoman da aka yarda su matsawa daya mako kafin St. George ta Day, a marigayi Nuwamba, da kuma daya mako daga baya, a farkon watan Disamba. Duk da haka, na Dokar 1550 Ivana Groznogo da kuma warware wannan mulki. Saboda haka maganar ke: "Ku cewa, Labari Kaka, da kuma St. George ta Day," wanda da gaskiya da nuna da farko shakka idan aka gudanar.

Dokokin miƙa mulki na manoma,

Game da lokaci na mika mulki, duk abin da yake ma'ana. A sake zagayowar na aikin da aka iyakance. Idan ma'aikata bar mai masauki a tsakiyar sake zagayowar, shi zai haifar da lalata a gare shi. Innovations a miƙa mulki akwai biyu:

• Gajeren lokaci ne makonni biyu a cikin kaka.
• A bukatar biya "tsofaffi."

A karshe aya yana nufin cewa manomi bai da hakkin ya tafiya daga Ubangiji. Har yanzu yana da biya domin manpower amfani ga post, cewa shi ne, da suke zaune a cikin gidan. Idan wani ma'aikaci ya gudanar da yadi ga fiye da shekaru hudu, ya aka zamar masa dole ya biya cikakken kudin da sabon ginin.

Saboda haka, samuwar guda jihar ya haddasa farkon bautar da manoma a kan ƙasar, saboda akwai wani administrative ikon sarrafa su ƙungiyoyi.