Novgorod Jamhuriyar

A manyan sassa na Rasha da mulkin gargajiya lokaci ya zo daidai da mamayewa na Tatars. A wannan batun, babu kai a wannan lokaci da jihar ikon kamar yadda irin wannan. A togiya ne Novgorod mulkin gargajiya jamhuriyar. A nan ne, fiye da ko ina kuma a cikin kasar, bayyana bẽne muhimmancin a matsayin mai iko majalisar dokoki. A 11-13 ƙarni. wato da bẽne, yana da mafi girma da yawan siffofin da cewa sanya shi vaguely kama da majalisu jiki a cikin majalisar dokokin tsarin gwamnati.

Novgorod Jamhuriyar aka kafa a kan wani dogon lokaci. Kafin kafa jihar tsarin at daban-daban tarihi matakai na ikon magajin gari, yarima kuma veche jikinsu yana da peculiarities. Kawai 15th karni statehood tsiwirwirinsu karshe bayyanar. A lokaci guda, duk da haka, shi ya faru rikicin a cibiyoyin mulkin demokra].

Craft da ciniki jumhuriya, kamar yadda da irin kungiyar da ikon a jihar, aka dauke su m, kuma short-rayu tsarin. A wannan batun, da samuwar irin wannan majalisu jikinsu, a cewar masana tarihi, duk da wajen babban matakin dimokuradiyya, shi ne mai matattu karshen. Shi ba zai yiwu mu yi la'akari da wannan nau'i na jihar ikon kamar yadda dokokin domin dukan ƙasar.

Novgorod Jamhuriyar an rinjayi da dalilai da dama. Masana tarihi sun gano dalilan biyu da ta haifar da takamaiman tsari na siyasa da kuma zamantakewa sojojin.

Na farko, da tsoho Novgorod ya ba wani hereditary mallaki Rurik. Shugabannin tsunduma a magance mamayar makiyaya, sun kasance sha'awar haraji ga birnin. A Novgorod, da ikon da ke cikin hannun ko magajin gari, ko da yarima. A matsayi na birni ya raunana ikon akai-akai canza m. By karshen 11th karni Novgorod da shugabancin siyasa fara rayayye tsẽre ga "faranta wa sarakuna." A wasu lokuta ma kafa irin "dual ikon." Saboda da m canji na sarakuna sannu a hankali raya 'ya'yan sarakuna ba landownership tsarin na vassalage. A 1126 a Novgorod akwai wani dama zabi daga birane 'yan ƙasa ko posadniks. Wadannan tashin a 1136 - fara zaben da kuma sarakuna. Saboda haka, baya ƙarƙashin shugabanni gwamnati juya a cikin wani zabe jiki.

Abu na biyu, Novgorod yana da karfi da cinikayya da kuma kasuwanci yadudduka. A birnin tattalin arzikin kasar da gudummawar da wani m yanayi ga kasashen waje da kuma cinikayyar cikin gida. A wannan halin da ake ciki, ba mu kafa a isasshe m zamantakewa strata masu (daga manyan zuwa kananan). A musamman, da boyars kasaftawa. Wannan ajin da aka mayar da hankali a hannun ta siyasa da tattalin arziki, da turawa haka sarakuna. A sakamakon da Novgorod boyar jamhuriyar halin da gaban da ikon oligarchic jikinsu.

Daidai da muhimmanci a zamantakewa da siyasar samuwar jihar tsarin gwamnati da aka ɓangaren da na yankin. Novgorod Jamhuriyar aka located in mun gwada unfavorable halitta yankin tare da m yanayin damina. Wannan ne sun fi mayar da hana ci gaban aikin gona (gargajiya a Rasha). Poor da aka ɓullo da kuma samar da abinci. Mafi yawa daga cikin kayayyakin gona (ciki har da burodi) Novgorod da za a sayi a makwabta yankunan, musayar su ga crafts abubuwa da kuma shigo da kayayyaki daga kasashen yamma. Saboda haka, yanayin wuri da gudummawar da ci gaban cinikayya da craft dangantakar a yankin. Wannan, bi da bi, ya kai ga mafi (fiye da abin da na Kievan jihar) tattalin arziki 'yancin kai da kuma zaman jama'a muhimmancin yan kasuwa da sana'a, ci gaban da kayayyakin more rayuwa a birane.

Babban tattalin arziki factor ne babban birnin kasar, da kuma ba da ƙasar. Kamar wancan ne aka kafa musamman ginin zamantakewa da kuma sabon abu (for na da Rasha) form hukumar a jihar.

Novgorod Jamhuriyar wajen samar da cinikayya tare da kasashen waje da kuma birane da sauran Rasha mulkoki.