A tarihin aeronautics. Montgolfier 'yan'uwa

A tarihin aeronautics, ga alama cikakken. Yau rayuwarmu sun jirage masu saukar ungulu, da jiragen sama da kuma wasu surkulle motocin. Duk da haka, a cikin zukatan mutane har abada kasance da sihiri da kuma romance cewa suna hade da irin ban sha'awa ayyukan kamar zafi iska balan-balan tafiya. Kuma a yau mutane da yin tafiya a kan shi. Mutane da yawa zai zama m ya san yadda shi duka ya fara. A tarihin ballooning ci gaba za a takaicce sake nazari a cikin wannan labarin.

Bartolommeo Lorenzo

Bartolommeo Lorenzo, Brazilian, nasa ne da majagaba wanda aka manta tarihin sunayen ba. Duk da haka, su manyan kimiyya ci gaba a kan ƙarni aka tambaye ko zauna ba a sani ba.

Bartolommeo Lorenzo - real sunan mutumin da ya shiga tarihi na aeronautics, Lorenzo Guzman, Portuguese, firist, mahaliccin da aikin a karkashin sunan "Passaroly" har kwanan nan ya gane kamar yadda fantasy. A shekara ta 1971, bayan wani dogon bincike, na sami takardun da bayyana abubuwan da suka faru na m baya.

Sun fara a 1708, lokacin da ya koma Portugal, Guzman shiga University of Coimbra a kuma kafa game da kokarin yin jirgin sama, da jirgin a kan wanda zai bude tarihin ballooning. Physics da lissafi, a cikin abin da Lorenzo ya nuna ma'abbũta, ya taimake shi a cikin wannan. Ya fara ta aikin gwaji. Guzman ya tsara da dama model cewa ya zama da samfur na nan gaba jirgin ruwa.

A farko zanga-zanga Guzman jirgin ruwa

A 1709, a watan Agusta, wadannan model aka nuna sarauta nobility. Nasara ne kawai daya balan-balan jirgin: bakin ciki harsashi da kananan brazier, dakatar da ƙõramu, kusan 4 mita kashe ƙasa. Guzman, a cikin wannan shekara ta fara aikin "Passaroly". Abin baƙin ciki, ta gwajin data ba a kiyaye su. Duk da haka, a cikin wani hali, Guzman ne na farko daya, bisa ga nazarin da mamaki na halitta, ya iya samun wani real hanya zuwa hawa sama, da kuma sanya wani ƙoƙari na aiwatar da shi a aikace. Saboda haka suka fara da tarihin ballooning.

Zhozef Mongolfe

Daga Joseph, yayansa, Etienne Montgolfier, wanda ya mallakar wani kananan Faransa gari takarda manufactory, samu a watan Julin 1782 da rubutu a cikin abin da ɗan'uwansu, ya tambaye shi ya shirya wani karin igiyoyi da siliki al'amari zuwa ga daya daga cikin mafi ban mamaki abubuwa a duniya. A bayanin kula nufi da cewa Yusufu yake a karshe samu wani abu da ba kawai 'yan'uwa ce a taron: hanyar da za ka iya dauka da iska.

Shell cika da hayaki, shi ne wannan makaman. J. Montgolfier a sakamakon daya gwaji uncomplicated lura cewa stitched masana'anta na biyu guda na zane a cikin akwatin-dimbin yawa casing gyarawa har bayan da aka cika da hayaki. Wannan samu fascinated ba kawai marubucin, amma kuma ɗan'uwansa. Aiki tare, da masu bincike halitta biyu mafi aerostatic inji (haka suka kira balloons). A wani da'irar abokai da dangi, daya daga cikinsu da aka nuna. Yana da aka tsara a matsayin ball, da diamita daga abin da yake 3.5 mita.

A farko nasarorin da Montgolfier

gwajin shine cikakken nasarar: game da minti 10 a cikin iska dade harsashi, yayin da tashin zuwa tsawo na game da 300 da mita da kuma daya kilometer tashi ta hanyar iska. Brothers, Wahayi zuwa gare ta nasara, ya yanke shawarar ya nuna sabuwar dabara ga jama'a. Sun gina wata babbar balan-balan tare da diamita na fiye da mita 10. Stitched zane jacket na kokarin ya igiya net da kuma papered takarda domin inganta tightness.

A 1783, 5 ga watan Yuni, aka gudanar da zanga-zanga a kasuwar square a gaban yawa kallo. balan-balan ya tashi cika da hayaki. Duk da cikakken bayani game da kwarewa halarta musamman yarjejeniya, wanda aka hatimce da sa hannu na daban-daban jami'an. Sabõda haka, domin a karon farko an hukumance bokan da ƙiren ƙarya da cewa bude hanyar for aeronautics.

farfesa Charles

A Paris, a babban sha'awa da aka taso da Montgolfier yan'uwa tashi a zafi iska balan-balan. Su aka gayyata su maimaita babban birnin kasar na da kwarewa. A lokaci guda, Jacques Charles, Faransa likita, aka umurci a gudanar da zanga-zanga na jirgin sama da ya halitta. Charles da'awar cewa da hayaki iska, balan-balan gas, kamar yadda aka kira - ba da mafi kyaun kayan aiki don ƙirƙirar hydrostatic daga.

Jacques ya ididdig tare da latest aukuwa a cikin sunadarai da kuma imani da cewa mafi alheri don amfani hydrogen, domin shi ne m fiye da iska. Duk da haka, da zabar wannan gas cika motarsa, farfesa ci karo da wani yawan fasaha matsaloli. Da farko, ya zama dole su yanke shawara daga wanda ya yi wani haske harsashi, iya ci gaba da maras tabbas gas na dogon lokaci.

A farko jirgin charliere

Robey 'yan'uwa, makanikai, ya taimake shi a kansu, da wannan aiki. Da suka yi abu tare da so Properties. Domin wannan 'yan'uwa amfani da haske siliki masana'anta wadda aka rufi tare da roba bayani a turpentine. A 1783, 27 Agusta, a Paris a cikin Champ de Mars tashi da jirgin sama Charles. Ya tashi sama a gaban game da 300 da dubu. Masu kallo da zarar ya zama marar-ganuwa. Lokacin da mutum daya wanda ya ba akwai, ya ce, abin da ke da ma'ana a wannan duka, Benjamin Franklin, sanannen American dattaku da kuma masanin kimiyya, kuma suka tsayar da jirgin, ya ce: "Abin da ke da ma'ana a cikin zargin wani jariri a cikin duniya?" Tabbatar da annabci ra'ayi. "Newborn" da aka haife, kuma ya aka ƙaddara ga mai girma da nan gaba.

A farko fasinjoji

Montgolfier 'yan'uwa, duk da haka, ba su daina Charles nasara a da niyyar nuna a Paris ta ƙaryarsu. Etienne, kokarin sa tare da mafi girma da ra'ayi, ya yi amfani da basira da wani babban m. Balan-balan, gina su, shi ne a cikin wasu hanyoyi wani aiki na gwaninta. Ganga siffar da ta harsashi, wanda ya kai fiye da 20 mita. Ta aka ƙawãce fita tare da m ado waje da kuma monograms.

Balan-balan ya nuna ta Academy of Sciences, da ake kira da sha'awa daga cikin wakilan. Aka yanke shawarar a gaban fādar sarki ya maimaita zanga-zanga. Kusa da Paris, a Versailles, a zanga-zanga da ya faru a 1783, a ranar 19 ga watan Satumba. Gaskiya, haifar da sha'awa da malamai balan-balan har zuwa wannan rana bai zama: fata da aka wanke tafi da ruwan sama, suna ɓuɓɓugar da shi zo a cikin disrepair. Amma Montgolfier yan'uwansa ba su daina. Aiki tukuru, suka gina wani sabon balan-balan zuwa ga manufa kwanan wata. Ya kasance ba na baya zuwa da kyau na baya daya.

Domin nuna matsakaicin sakamako, 'yan'uwa hitched to ya cell a cikin abin da suka sa a zakara, a duck kuma mai tumaki. Waɗannan su ne na farko a tarihin balloonists. A balan-balan ya tashi sama da kuma aiki hanyarsa ta zuwa 4 km, 8 da minti amince saukar zuwa ga ƙasa. A heroes of ranar ya zama Montgolfier 'yan'uwa. Suna girmama tare da daban-daban awards, da kuma duk balloons, wanda ake amfani da su haifar daga hayaki iska, da rana fara da za a kira da balan-balan.

manned jirgin a kan wani zafi iska balan-balan

Tare da kowane jirgin da Montgolfier 'yan'uwa da aka gabatowa yaba makasudin suka bi, - adam jirgin. Wani sabon ball da aka gina da su, shi ya fi girma. Tsayinsa ne 22,7 mita da kuma diamita - 15 mita. Zobe Gallery aka saka a cikin ƙananan ɓangare. Yana da aka tsara don mutane biyu. Halittar wannan zane ci gaba tarihi na ballooning. Physics, a kan nasarorin da abin da aka tushen, a lokacin ne kawai a yarda a sosai sauki zane na jirgin sama. Hearth ga kona bambaro aka dakatar a tsakiyar gallery. Ya radiated zafi, yayin da a cikin kwasfa karkashin rami. Wannan kadan heats iska, wanda sanya shi yiwuwa a yi daina gudu. Ya ma ya zama wasu har controllable.

Jirgin tarihi za ka iya samun dama ban sha'awa facts. Aeronautics - da aikin yi, wanda a cikin 18th karni kawo babbar daraja da kuma shahararsa. The halitta na jirgin sama ba ya so ya raba shi da sauransu. Duk da haka, Louis XVI, Sarkin Faransa, an hana su shiga a cikin jirgin zaman kansa tallafawa. A cewar shi, wannan matsala m rai ya koya biyu masu laifin da aka yanke masa hukumcin kisa. Duk da haka, shi ya haifar da zanga-zanga Pilatre de Rozier, daya daga cikin aiki mahalarta a gina wani zafi iska balan-balan.

Wannan mutumin ba za a iya sulhunta tare da cewa da sunayen laifi, zai shiga cikin tarihi na aeronautics. Ya nace su shiga a cikin manufa a cikin mutum. Izni karshe an samu. The tafiya a wani balan-balan ya tafi wani "matukin jirgin". Sun zama Marquis d'Arland, ballooning fan. Kuma a cikin 1783, 21 Nuwamba, suka bar ƙasa, kuma ya sanya farko jirgin a tarihi. 25 minutes a cikin iska zauna zafi iska balan-balan, game 9 kilomita kaisu a lokacin wannan lokaci.

mutum jirgin a kan charliere

Domin tabbatar da cewa charliere (balloons tare da bawo, wanda aka cika da hydrogen) nasa ne nan gaba na aeronautics, Farfesa Charles ya yanke shawarar aiwatar da wani jirgin da ya kamata ya zama mafi m fiye da shirya da Montgolfier 'yan'uwa. Samar da wani sabon balan-balan, ya ɓullo da wani yawan zane mafita, amfani da ƙarni a nan gaba.

Charliere gina su da wani layin wutar cewa miƙa fadin babba yammancin duniya na balan-balan, da kuma Lines a kan wanda ya huta gondola dakatar da wannan tashar wutar lantarki. A gondolas sun mutane. Special nuna aka sanya a cikin kwasfa ga saki na hydrogen. Bawul din da aka located a cikin kwasfa, kazalika da adana a wani gondola ballast yi amfani a canja tsawo. Bayar da shi ma anga su sa shi sauki su zauna a ƙasa.

Charliere diamita na fiye da 9 mita, 1 Disamba 1783 a wurin shakatawa na Tuileries dauki farkon. Shi ya tafi a kan farfesa Charles da kuma Robert, daya daga cikin 'yan'uwa suka dauki bangare a cikin shiri na charliere hannu. Sun sauka a amince kusa da kauyen, yawo nisan kilomita 40. Charles sa'an nan ya ci gaba da tafiya shi kadai.

Charliere tashi 5 km, yayin da a wani m tsawo ga cewa lokaci - 2750 mita. Game da rabin awa bayan kasancewa a cikin wannan transcendental tuddai, Explorer ya sauka lafiya, haka kammala farko jirgin a cikin tarihi na aeronautics a wani balan-balan cika da hydrogen ambulan.

Balan-balan ya tashi a kan English Channel

Rayuwa na Jean Pierre Blanchard, a Bafaranshen, jajirce fadin Channel na farko jirgin a cikin wani balan-balan, shi ne sananne a cewa shi ne hoto na juyo, wanda ya faru a cikin marigayi 18th karni a ci gaban aeronautics. Blanchard ya fara da cewa za'ayi da ra'ayin flapping jirgin.

Ya gina wani na'ura a 1781, wanda da fuka-fuki da wani drive karfi da makamai da kuma kafafu. Gwada shi rataye a wata igiya jefa kan block, wannan ya kirkiro an tashe shi ga tsawo da tubali da gidan, tare da counterweight ya game 10 kg. Yarda da na farko nasara, ya buga a cikin jaridar ya tunani game da yiwuwar flapping jirgin da mutane.

Sadaukar da farko balan-balan iska tafiya kazalika da search for jirgin iko Blanchard ya koma zuwa ga ra'ayin fikafikanta, amma an yi amfani da su iko da balan-balan. Ko da yake da farko gwaji ƙare mugun, da bincike ba su bar su yunkurin da mafi m da Yunƙurin a cikin sama sarari.

A 1784, a cikin fall, shi ya fara flights Ingila. Da masu bincike da da ra'ayin tashi fadin English Channel a wani balan-balan, haka tabbatar da yiwuwar iska zirga-zirga tsakanin Faransa da Ingila. A 1785, 7 Janairu, bakuncin wannan tarihi jirgin, wanda ya samu halartar da ya kirkiro da kansa, da kuma Dr. Jeffrey, ya American aboki.

A zamanin ballooning

A tarihin ballooning ci gaban da aka short-rayu. Daga farkon karni airships da balloons har zuwa ta ƙarshe, zai ze, kadan bisa 150 shekara. A farko free balan-balan ya tashi a cikin iska da Montgolfier 'yan'uwa a 1783, da kuma a 1937 ya ƙone LZ-129 Gindenburg, airship, gina a Jamus. Wannan ya faru a Amurka, Lakehurst, a kan abin tsayawarta mast. A kan jirgin sun 97 mutane. 35 daga cikinsu ya mutu. Wannan bala'i ne don haka gigice duniya jama'a cewa, babban iko da aka lankwasa zuwa lõkacin fatara daga gina manyan airships. Kamar wancan ƙare da zamanin a cikin aeronautics, a cikin abin da na karshe shekaru 40 shi ne ci gaban da m airships, kira zeppelins (daya daga cikin su main halittawa aka Ferdinand von Zeppelin, wani Jamus general).

Balan-balan tsara ta Montgolfier yan'uwansa, ya unmanageable. Kawai a 1852, Anri Zhiffar, a Faransa zanen, Ya halitta a sarrafawa balan-balan.

Injiniyoyi sun dogon kokarin magance matsalar da rigidity daga cikin jirgin sama. Davidu Shvartsu, wani Austria zanen, samu da ra'ayin yin su karfe gidaje. A Berlin a 1897, soared ake ƙãgãwa balan-balan Schwartz. Its jiki da aka sanya daga aluminum. Duk da haka, saboda engine gazawar gaggawa saukowa da aka yi.

Graf Zeppelin

Count von Zeppelin, Mai ƙididdigewa ga aikin Dawuda, da na gan su al'amurra. Ya zo a sama tare da wani tsarin da aka yi da haske akwatin trusses da aka riveted aluminum tube. Ramukan a gare su, suna wajaba. Da zobe-dimbin yawa frame Frames hukuncin kisa. Sun hade da stringers.

Kyamara da hydrogen da aka sanya tsakanin kowane biyu na Frames (a total na 1217 guda). Saboda haka, a lokacin da lalacewar dama ciki Silinda sauran kiyaye volatility. A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1990 sigar-dimbin yawa vosmitonny giant Zeppelin (dirigible, wanda diamita ne 12 mita, tsawon - 128) ya sanya wani cin nasara 18-minti daya jirgin, sunã mãsu jũyãwa da mahaliccinsa, sa'an nan ada ya zama kusan mahaukaci birni, a kasa gwarzo.

Kwanan rasa yaki tare da Faransa, kasar da ya gane wa gaisuwa janar ra'ayin game da wannan abin mamaki-makamai. Zeppelin - airship, wanda aka rayayye yi amfani da tashin. Janar zuwa yakin duniya na gina da dama da inji, da tsawon wadda ya 148 m. Suna iya isa gudu daga sama zuwa 80 km / h. Airships an tsara Count Zeppelin, ya tafi yaki.

Karni na 20th kara demokra] iyya flights. Modern ballooning zama sha'awa na mutane da yawa. Solomon Auguste Andre a 1897, a watan Yuli, aka yi da farko jirgin a cikin tarihi na Arctic a wani balan-balan. A 1997, da balan-balan Fabia da aka gudanar a cikin girmamawa ga centenary da wannan taron a Arewa iyakacin duniya da 'yan wasa balloonists. Tun daga nan, a kowace shekara zo nan mafi tsoro tawagar hau cikin sama. Idin aeronautics - wani m spectacle to sha'awan da cewa da yawa daga mutane zo.