Famous constructions da kuma gine-gine na tsufa. tsufa

An yi imani da cewa, a tarihin duniya - tarin wayewar cewa wanzu a cikin ƙasa daga prehistoric sau da farkon tsakiyar zamanai. Frames ne sosai matukar - ga kasashen Gabas da suka mallaka, for America - mu (farkon mulkin mallaka na nahiyar da Turawa).

m al'adunmu

A wannan lokaci lokaci, akwai da dama wayewar tare da al'adunsu. Mun tsira da sanannen constructions da kuma gine-gine na tsufa. Su ne ba haka kananan, amma da haske abubuwa ne wasiyya wadda suka gabata kamar "City a cikin sama" ko Machu Picchu a Peru, Haikalin Jupiter Baalbek a Lebanon, sanannen Masar pyramids na Giza, Alkahira unguwar. A jerin hada antiquities aqueducts na Roman Empire cewa ka fito a arni na farko AD glazed taga Alexandria, ragowar Greek haikalin, Dzhervansky wandararre a Iraki, da kankare Dome na Roman Ibada.

Rufe mu wayewa

A kowace nahiyar, a tabbatar akwai tsoho abubuwa. Amma ga mutane a Turai (a cikin kasa ma'anarta) A zamanin d duniya an haɗa da farko tare da Girka da kuma Roma, Masar Cleopatra kamar yadda ta kaunace da Yuliy Tsezar da Antony. Bugu da kari, su kuma sauran Roman sarakuna mafarkin bautar da Misira. Rasha adabi da wasannin fasaha har farkon XX karni suna da alaka da camfin da na Girka da Roma. A Rum wayewa aka dauke cikin shimfiɗar jariri, daga mutãne. Saboda haka, ka yi la'akari da mafi shahara constructions da kuma gine-gine na tsufa dole ne a fara da Girka da kuma Roma.

Acropolis - da lu'u-lu'u na duniya gine

Girka na da yawa Monuments har yanzu prehistoric sau da tsoho Greek kango na manyan gidãje da addini gine-gine cike da gidajen gona da dukan ƙasar. Ƙidaya su kyawawan wuya, amma akwai abubuwa da suke dauke alamu na tarihin duniya. A mafi muhimmanci daga cikinsu ne Acropolis, located a kasar a birnin Athens. Yana da wani asali castle, a tsaye a kan wani tudu, wanda ya kai wani tsawo na 156 mita a tsawo, shi ne daidaita da nisa na 300 mita a tsawon - 170. Yana ne mai kyau-garu babba gari, da yake kallon unprotected m. Acropolis shi ne wuri cewa housed da bagadan da allolinku, da patrons na gari, shi mutane zai iya boye a lokacin yaki. Majestic Acropolis ne a Duniya Heritage Site. Ya labarin da aka kyau karatu.

Parthenon - Acropolis rinjaye

Ya kamata a lura da cewa sculptures da mutummutumai daga Acropolis da suke a da yawa gidajen tarihi a duniya. Yana da wani abu 21, mafi muhimmanci daga cikin waɗannan ne Parthenon - da katin na ba kawai Girka, amma dukan tarihin duniya.

Kunshe a cikin jerin "mafi girma a ɗakin na duniya", an gina a kan tushe na wani tsoho haikali a cikin V karni BC gine-ginen da Callicrates Iktinos. Ya mulki a kan dukan ƙasa. Shi ne manufa, jitu tsarin richly musamman fasali. Amma game da kowane kadan daki-daki, daga cikin rubuce da dama littattafai. Abinda za a iya lura - shi ne duk a kewaye da aka kewaye da ginshikan (wani nau'i kira periptera). Wannan shi ne abin da ke sa tunku? Ãwa kyau Haikali.

Athens - wata taska trove na zamanin d gine

Sauran wurare a cikin ƙasa na zamanin tsohuwar Girka, tsarki cibiyar na zamanin d Athens, da Acropolis Ibada an gabatar da irin wannan a matsayin Erechtheion, sadaukar da almara Athenian sarki Erechtheus, Tudun Arasa (ikon), haikalin Athena Nike. Cikin babban birnin ne kango na haikalin da kuma waɗansu da yawa, kamar yadda duk Girka - wani bude iska gidan kayan gargajiya na zamanin d al'adu. Shi ne Haikalin wasannin Zeus, Nike Aptera, Hephaestus, da Haikalin Apollo a Delphi, Poseidon a Cape Sounion, Hera a Peloponnese sashin, Demeter a Eleusis. Shi ne mafi shahara constructions da kuma gine-gine na tsohon, halitta a Girka.

Fifiko wuraren ibada

Tower na iskõki 12 mita high tare da wani tushe diamita - - A wani daga baya lokacin a Athens, daya daga cikin na farko meteorological wuraren da aka gina 8 m. A sigogi na wadannan tsoho gidajen tarihi ne cikakke, su ne tushen dukkan gine da kuma gine-ginen karatu a duk faɗin duniya.

Daga cikin dukkan sama abubuwa na tsufa kawai Tudun Arasa ne administrative gini, duk sauran - yana da wuraren ibada. Shi ne mafi girma wuri mai tsarki na Olympia, wanda aka located a cikin Peloponnese. Yana mulki daba na Zeus.

Home Business Card Roma

Great Roman Empire - mafi tsufa Rum wayewa, ya fito daga zamanin tsohuwar Girka. A cewar labari, da kai tsaye zuriyar Iniyasu, da gwarzo na Trojan War, da 'yan'uwa Romulus da Remus, ciyar da kerkẽci, kafa Roma, kuma mafi girma daular wanda ya ba da duniya ga babbar al'ada.

Gine-gine na zamanin d Roma a cikin wannan labarin ne 10 mafi girma gine-gine da alamu da wanda saba wa da yawa mazaunan duniya, ko da nisa daga koyo. Wanda bai san Colosseum - babban alama ce na Roma? Half-hasãra gina garu kewaye da uku-tiered m fagen fama. A zamanin da, jimlar yawan arches a kan garu - 240, 80 daga cikinsu suna located a cikin ƙananan bene. A arches na farko da na biyu benaye sun sculptures - ayyukan da mafi kyau Masters Rome.

A mafi m da kuma halayyar

Appian Way ma saba wa da yawa saboda bakin ciki rasuwar daga cikin Sahabbai na Spartacus live ƙuƙuntacce zuwa sandunan located tare da shi, suka san daga makaranta. Kuma da karshe Shots na daba American film shãfe filmgoers a duniya.

Famous constructions da kuma gine-gine na tsufa, dake a cikin zamanin da babban birnin kasar, shi ne ya cancanci bautar Roman Forum, wanda shi ne riga a zamanin Tarkvikiya Proud ya zama cibiyar siyasa da al'adu da kuma addini rai na Roman Empire. A nan ne Haikalin Vesta, Vespasian da Saturn. Tare da kowane daga cikinsu nasaba ban tausayi ko farin ciki shafukan na zamanin d tarihi. By farkon na II karni AD ya shafi daidai kiyaye Trajan ta Column. 185 digiri shirya ciki da Viewing yanki suna located, located a tsawo na 38 minti. Sculptor Apollodorus Damascus ya gina shi a cikin shekara 114. Yana alama ce da nasara a kan Dacians.

Wadannan jerin

Musamman Roman pantheon - Haikalin dukan allolin. Gina a 126 AD, ya hasumiyai a kan Piazza della Rotonda.

Kama shahara gine-gine da kuma zamanin da gine-gine, za ka iya ganin ta neman a marmara nasara Arch of Titus. Shi ne mafi gini gina a 81, a cikin girmamawa birnin Kudus. Falalen baka kan Via Sacra. Single tsayi, shi yana da tsawo na 15.4 m, nisa har zuwa 13.5 m, jirgin zurfin game 5 mita, ta nisa - 5.33 mita. A cikin irin wannan ƙofofin iya kiran wani karusarsa, ciki har da Quadriga. Kiyaye Bas-reliefs depicting Titus tare da kofuna da dama. Yahudawa haikalin da aka halakar da su zuwa ga ƙasa, da kuma masu cin nasara tafi zuwa ga babban shrine - da qananan. Duk wannan za a iya gani a kan Bas-taimako.

Famous Roman baho da musamman a ɗakin

Baho na Caracalla ci gaba da jerin Masterpieces na Roman gine. Daga ina sunan? Caracalla - da sunan barkwanci da Marcus Aurelius, wanda ya rayu a karni na III AD. Roman wanka - shi ne na musamman duniya, inda Elite al'umma Miscellaneous, tsunduma a wasanni, ya jagoranci ilimi muhawara, to gama yarjejeniyarsu. Entourage wasan ganuwar da kuma ainihin font sanya daga mafi kyau iri na marmara, a ko'ina akwai sculptures, ciki har da wani mutum-mutumi na Apollona Belvederskogo.

Bakwai wuri a cikin jerin "The gine-gine ginen na zamanin d Roma" daukan abun da ke ciki na biyu a ɗakin na daban-daban sanyi - rectangular da zagaye. Wadannan haikalin da aka gina a cikin girmamawa Portunus (tashoshin jiragen ruwa ya zama majiɓinci) da kuma Hercules. Suna located a kan hagu banki na Tiber, a sosai wuri inda amfani da su daji jiragen ruwa.

Kabarin da catacombs

A karkashin takwas lambar ne Field of Mars - hagu-banki na Roma. Bãya gare shi bayyana kabarin na Hadrian - gine-gine abin tunawa, kabarin na sarki iyali. A wani square da gefen daidaita 84 mita, mai pedestal saka Silinda diamita na 64 mita, kuma shugaba Sarkin sarakuna mutum-mutumi a cikin image na Sun, wani iko quadriga (tawagar 4 dawakai). By ganawa da shi ne mai babbar gini ya ba an yi amfani, ya zama wani dabarun abu.

A karshe, a cikin jerin mafi muhimmanci gine-gine Masterpieces na Roman Empire ne sanannen catacombs. Wannan cibiyar sadarwa Tsarin (a total na 60) da alaka da juna da kuma bayar domin binne (game da 750,000 kaburbura), a total tsawon na 170 km. Mafi yawan su gudanar tare da Appian Way.

Masterpieces na Gabas

Babban gine-gine ginen na duniya ya cancanci in ji wani grandiose tunawa. Wannan Great Wall of China, inda da tsawon daga baki zuwa gefen daidai to 21196 kilomita. Gina a karo na biyar (kawai miliyan daya), na yawan jama'ar, a cikin III karni BC, shi ne a fili gyarawa iyakoki na jihar da kuma sanya kasar Sin impregnable. Shi ne na musamman da abin tunawa daga tsufa. A pagodas da Buddhist gidajen lama na Indiya? Har ila yau yana da Monuments na zamanin d baya.

A farko Rasha gine-gine da duwatsu masu daraja

Duk na sama, kazalika da gine-gine na zamanin d Rasha, yana nufin duniya mai al'adunmu. Kawai mu wayewa idan aka kwatanta da sauran shi ne matasa. A mafi tsufa a kasar mu an dauke su da gine na Novgorod, Pskov, kuma Kiev, wanda da 989 da 996 shekara gina zakar coci, halaka ta Batu.

Traces of tsoho da mu nagartacce da gine-gine abin tunawa daga Kievan Rus 'ne Transfiguration Cathedral a Chernigov, da kyau-tsare da kuma a yanzu da kuma nan da St. Sophia Cathedral a Kiev. A zuciya na farko giciye-Dome Tsarin ko da yaushe sa a giciye, amma aure a haikali Dome. Wadannan majami'u ne babban irin na zamanin d addini gine-gine Rasha.

Byzantine shugabanninmu da zũriyarsu

Na farko da dutse haikalin ginin bako na Byzantine Masters. Rasha addini gine-gine ba maimaita suyi Byzantine gine. Our majami'u halin da haske hali. Yaroslav Mudry, kuma aka tsunduma cikin wani babban gini. Ya damu game da gaskiyar cewa sararin kasa da ya shigo soma wani sabon addini, ina so in kafa ta grand gina haikalin. The most, da ciwon ba analogues a kan lokaci ko ina, ko da a cikin Byzantine Empire, ya zama wani 5-nefny 13-domed St. Sophia Cathedral a Kiev, rajista a 1017.

rabo na Orthodoxy

Yana da aka bi da Sofia Cathedrals na Novgorod (1045-1050) da kuma Polotsk (1060). Suna kuma dauke su 5-nefnymi, ko da yake mafi Rasha majami'u - 3 nefnye. Dome kiyaye ciki da ginshiƙai - Saboda haka sunan: 4-, 6- kuma ko da 8-stolpnyj.

Musamman a gayyace ta da Helenawa da ke a cikin shekaru 1073-1079 aka gina ɗauka cewa Cathedral na Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. Wannan Haikali, da aka sani da "Great Church", ya zama wani abin koyi domin gina dukan ƙasar Orthodox Tsarin. Irin wannan wurin hutawa gine-gine a matsayin Vydubychi sufi a Kiev (1070-1081), da mai ceto a Birch haushi (1113-1125), ya kamãta da wani sabon nau'in Cathedrals, kamar yadda suke dukan da wani tsawo (nartesk) tare da matakala. A mafi tsoho Ibada shirayin bai wanzu ba.

Tun da yi albarku tura ta Yaroslav Mai hikima, dukan manyan shugabannin tsunduma a wani aiki raya birane. Bugu da kari ga gine-gine da Monuments, zuriyar zauna Masterpieces na zane-zane da kuma wallafe-wallafe. "Tale of bygone Years" da aka farko da aka ambata a cikin 852 a shekara.