History of Estonia: wani bayyani

History of Estonia bayyanar fara da mafi tsufa ƙauyuka a kan iyakarta da cewa sun fito da 10,000 da suka wuce. Tools na Stone Age da aka samu a kusa da Pulli kusa zamani Parnu. Finno-Ugric kabilu daga gabas (mai yiwuwa daga cikin Urals) zo ƙarni daga baya (watakila a 3500 BC. E.), Mixed tare da mazauna yankunan da kuma zaunar da su a halin yanzu-rana Estonia, Finland da kuma Hungary. Su na son wannan sabuwar ƙasar, kuma sũ, sun kãfirta da nomadic rai cewa ya halin mafi daga cikin sauran} asashen Turai, a kan gaba shida millennia.

A farkon tarihin Estonia (takaice)

A cikin 9th da 10th ƙarni AD Estonians san da Vikings, wanda jũna more sha'awar cinikayya hanyoyi zuwa Kiev da Konstantinoful, fiye da da ci ƙasar. A farko real barazana zo daga Kirista invaders daga yamma. Cika Paparoma kira ga jihadi da arewacin Majusawa, Danish sojoji da kuma Jamus Knights mamaye Estonia, a 1208 da castle lashe Otepaa. Mazauna wurin sa up m juriya, da kuma shi ya dauki fiye da shekaru 30, kafin aka ci da yaki da dukan ƙasar. By tsakiyar 13th karni, Estonia aka raba tsakanin Danish da kuma Jamus a arewa da kudu na Teutonic Order. Jihadin Krista nemi zuwa gabas, aka tsayar Aleksandrom Nevskim na Novgorod a kan daskararre lake Peipsi.

Marinjaya zauna a sabon garuruwa, da canja wurin mafi yawan ikon da bishops. By karshen 13th karni a kan Tallinn da Tartu tashi Cathedrals, da kuma Cistercian da Dominican addini umarni gina gidajen ibada, ya yi wa'azi ga mutanen yankin da kuma in yi baftisma da shi. A halin yanzu, Estonians ci gaba da 'yan tawaye.

A mafi muhimmanci fara tunzurin a kan dare na St. George (Afrilu 23) a 1343 da farko ba a kula da Denmark Arewa Estonia. A tarihin kasar alama ta looting 'yan tawayen Cistercian sufi Padise da kashe duk ta sufaye. Sai suka kewaye Tallinn kuma a Haapsalu Episcopal Castle da kuma kira ga taimako daga Swedes. Sweden zahiri aika sojan ruwa reinforcements, amma shi zo latti da aka tilasta juya baya. Duk da tabbatar da dalilin da Estonians, da tawaye aka niƙa a 1345. The Danes, duk da haka, ya yanke shawarar cewa suna da isasshen kuma sayar wa Estonia da Livonian Order.

A farko craft shagon da kuma m guilds bayyana a cikin 14th karni., Kuma da yawa birane kamar Tallinn, Tartu, Viljandi da Pärnu, ta wadãta a matsayin memba na Hanseatic League. ST. Yahaya a Tartu tare da terracotta sculptures ne mai arziki na shaida da Western cinikayya tsakaninsu.

Estonians ci gaba da gudanar da aiki da arna ayyukan hajji a bukukuwan aure, funerals da kuma bauta hali, har zuwa 15th karni, wadannan ayyukan hajji ya sami lauye da Katolika, kuma suka samu Kirista sunayen. A cikin karni na 15th manoma da aka hana su hakkokin da farkon na 16th zama serfs.

gyaranta

Canji, wanda ya samo asali a Jamus, kai Estonia a cikin 1520s, tare da Lutheran wa'azi na farko kalaman. By tsakiyar 16th karni, da coci da aka sake tsarafa, da kuma gidajen lama da majami'u da aka sanya karkashin angarorin na Lutheran Church. A Tallinn, da hukumomin rufe Dominican sufi (kiyaye su da ban sha'awa kango). Tartu Dominican da Cistercian gidajen da aka rufe.

Livonian yaki

A 16th karni, mafi girma barazana ga Livonia (yanzu Arewa Latvia da kuma Kudancin Estonia) wakilta gabas. Ivan Grozny shelar kansa sarki na farko a 1547, ya bi manufar fadada zuwa yamma. Sojojin Rasha jagorancin ferocious Tatar sojan doki farmaki a 1558 a Tartu yankin. Yãki kasance sosai m, da invaders bar a cikin farkawa mutuwa da halaka. Domin Rasha shiga Poland, Denmark da kuma Sweden, da kuma lokaci-lokaci ayyukan da aka gudanar a ko'ina cikin 17th karni. A takaice dai Siffar na tarihin Estonia ba da damar zuwa fadada a kan wannan lokaci, amma a sakamakon Sweden fito da nasara.

War Ya hõre wani nauyi a kan yankin. Domin biyu da al'ummomi (tun 1552 a 1629.), Half na yankunan karkara yawan aka kashe, game da uku-bariki dukkan gonaki da aka yashe, cututtuka irin annoba, da amfanin gona kasawa, da yunwa, da m kara yawan wadanda ke fama. Bugu da kari ga Tallinn, kowane castle kuma masu garu cibiyar na kasar da aka sace ko hallaka, ciki har da castle na Viljandi, memba na daya daga cikin kagara mafi ƙarfi a arewacin Turai. Wasu birane da aka hallaka.

Breakfast lokaci

Bayan da yaki, tarihin Estonia alama a lokacin da zaman lafiya da ci gaba a karkashin mulkin Sweden. Cities, ta hanyar kasuwanci, ya yi girma, ta wadãta, inda ya taimaka wa tattalin arzikin warke daga munin yaki. Ƙarƙashin ikon Sweden a karon farko a tarihin united karkashin guda m. By tsakiyar 17th karni, duk da haka, abubuwan da suka fara deteriorate. A fashewa da annoba, da kuma daga baya da babbar yunwa (1695-97) sanadiyar rayukan 80 dubu mutane -. Kusan 20% na al'ummar jihar. Ba da da ewa Sweden fuskantar barazana daga Yaren mutanen Poland Union, Denmark da kuma Rasha, da ke neman a sake samu ƙasa rasa a cikin Livonian War. A mamayewa ya fara a 1700, bayan da wasu nasara, a Vol. H. The shan kashi na sojojin Rasha a Narva, da Swedes fara ja da baya. A 1708 Tartu aka hallaka, da kuma duk da tsira aika zuwa Rasha. A 1710 Tallinn capitulated, da kuma Sweden da aka ci.

ilimi

Yana fara tarihin Estonia a matsayin wani ɓangare na Rasha. Babu wani abu mai kyau da manoma don ba wadãtar. War da annoba a 1710 sanadiyar rayukan dubban mutane. Peter na soke Swedish gyãra, kuma Muka halakar da wani fatan da 'yanci ga tsere serfs. Hali ga su ba zai canza har da haske lokaci a cikin marigayi 18th karni. Catherine II ƙayyade da gata na Elite da kuma gudanar da kusan-demokra] iyya da sake fasalin. Amma a 1816, manoman karshe aka warware daga serfdom. Sun kuma samu sunayen more 'yancin walwala, da kuma da dama mai iyaka ga kai-management. By na biyu da rabi na karni na 19th, yankunan karkara yawan suka fara sayen gona da aikatãwa samun kudin shiga daga amfanin gona, irin dankali da kuma flax.

kasa tada

A karshen karni na 19th kasance farkon na kasa tada. Kore ta sabon Elite, kasar tafi jihar. A farko jarida Perno Postimees Istoniyanci harshen bayyana a cikin 1857. Yana da aka buga Yohannom Voldemarom Jannseni, daya daga cikin na farko ya yi amfani da Kalmar "Estonians" da kuma ba maarahvas (karkara yawan). Wani m zurfin tunani ya Carl Robert Jakobson, suka yi yaƙi domin daidaita hakkokin siyasa domin Estonians. Ya kuma kafa na farko na kasa siyasa jarida Sakala.

tawaye

A karshen karni na 19th. Yana wani lokaci na masana'antu da kuma fitowan da manyan masana'antu da kuma wani Babbar cibiyar sadarwar Railways wanda alaka Rasha da Estonia. Wuya yanayin aiki sa damunsu, da kuma sabon-kafa aiki jagoran jam'iyyar da zanga-zanga da kuma yajin aiki. Events a Estonia maimaita abin da ke faruwa a Rasha, da kuma masu dauke da makamai tawaye ya barke a watan Janairu 1905. Tashin hankali saka har faduwar cewa shekara, a lokacin da dubu 20. Ma'aikata yi yajin aiki. The sarki dakarun yi gilla, kashe da kuma jikkata mutane 200. Domin da danniya na yunkuri na Rasha ya isa dubban sojoji. 600 Estonians da kuma daruruwan aika zuwa Siberia da aka kashe. Kwadago da kuma m jaridu da kungiyoyin da suka rufe, da kuma shugabannin siyasa sun tsere daga kasar.

More m da tsare-tsaren zauna Estonia, dubban Rasha manoma saboda farko World ba a aiwatar. A kasar biya babban farashi saboda shiga cikin yaki. 100 dubu. Mutane an kira, da wanda 10 dubu. Sun Mutu. Mutane da yawa Estonians tafi yaki saboda nasara a kan Jamus, Rasha yi wa'adi ga samar da kasar statehood. Hakika, shi ne wata jabu. Amma ta 1917 wannan batu da aka warware ba sarki. Nicholas II aka tilasta abdicate, da kuma Bolsheviks kwace mulki. Rasha share hargitsi, da kuma Estonia, dauki himma Fabrairu 24, 1918 ayyana samun 'yancin kai.

War of Independence

Estonia ya fuskanci barazana daga Rasha da kuma Baltic-German reactionaries. Basasa ya barke, da Red Army sun ci gaba cikin sauri, ta Janairu 1919, kamawa da rabi na kasar. Estonia taurin kare, kuma tare da taimakon Birtaniya warships da Finnish, Danish kuma Swedish sojojin tsallake haihuwa maƙiyi. A watan Disamba, Rasha sun amince da a tsagaita wuta, da kuma 2 Fabrairu 1920 da Tartu yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu, bisa ga abin da ta ko da yaushe ya ki amincewa da zargin da a kan ƙasa na kasar. Na farko ya bayyana a duniya map gaba daya m Estonia.

A tarihin jihar a cikin wannan lokaci ne halin da saurin ci gaban tattalin arziki. Kasashen yi amfani da su albarkatun kasa da kuma jawo hankalin zuba jari daga kasashen waje. Tartu University zama University of Estonians da Istoniyanci harshe ya zama harshen kasa da kasa sadarwa, da samar da sabuwar dama a cikin sana'a da kuma ilimi duniyoyin. Akwai wata babbar bugu masana'antu - tsakanin 1918 da kuma 1940. 25 dubu. Lakabobi an buga.

Duk da haka, da siyasa Sphere ba haka ba ne Rosy. Tsoron kwaminis subversion ayyuka, kamar, ya kai ga shugabancin Dama kasa ƙoƙari a 1924, da juyin mulki. A 1934 da shugaban na gwamnatin wucin gadi, Konstantin Pats tare da kwamandan a manyan Istoniyanci Army Johan Laidoner keta kundin tsarin mulki da kuma kwace mulki a kan hujjar kare dimokuradiyya daga tsattsauran ra'ayi.

Soviet mamayewa

Jihar ta rabo da aka shãfe haske a lokacin Nazi Jamus da kuma Tarayyar Soviet hannu a asirce yarjejeniya a 1939, a gaskiya, da shi ga Stalin. Members na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis shirya wani ƙagagge tawaye da kuma na mutane da ake bukata domin hada da Estonia a cikin tarayyar Soviet. Shugaba Pats, Janar Laidoner da sauran shugabannin da aka kama da kuma aika zuwa Soviet aiki sansani. A yar tsana gwamnatin da aka kafa, da kuma Agusta 6, 1940 , Mai tanƙwasãwa Soviet da Tarayyar Soviet ba da "request" na Estonia a shiga da Tarayyar Soviet.

Fitarwa da kuma yakin duniya na II fatattakakkun kasar. Dubban an kira da kuma aika zuwa aikin da mutuwa a aiki sansani a arewacin Rasha. Dubban mata da yara shared su ƙaddara.

Lokacin Soviet sojojin kuwa suka gudu da mãsu alãma daga abokan gaba, Estonians gaishe da Jamusawa a matsayin kahon. 55 dubu. Man shiga kariyar kai raka'a da battalions na Wehrmacht. Duk da haka, Jamus ba su da niyyar samar da Istoniyanci statehood, Mai gani shi a matsayin shagaltar da ƙasa na Tarayyar Soviet. Fatan sun gaza bayan da kisan masu hadin gwiwar. (Aka kabilanci Estonians, wanda 5 dubu.) 75 dubu. Mutane suka harbe. Dubban gudu zuwa Finland, da kuma waɗanda suka zauna, aka girke a cikin Jamus sojojin (game da 40 dubu. Mutane).

A farkon shekarar 1944, Tarayyar Soviet sojojin bamai Tallinn, Narva, Tartu da kuma sauran birane. Complete lalata Narva yi wani aiki na daukar fansa "na Istoniyanci mayaudara."

Jamus sojojin suka tattara a watan Satumba 1944 Tsoron farko na Red Army, da yawa Estonians, ma, ya gudu, ya game 70 dubu. Hit da West. By karshen yaki kowane 10th Estonians zaune a ƙasashen waje. A general, kasar ta rasa fiye da 280 mutane dubu: .. Sai suka yi hijira, dubu 30 ne aka kashe a yakin, da kuma sauran aka kashe, aika zuwa sansanonin ko kashe a maida hankali sansani.

Soviet zamanin

Bayan da yaki, da gwamnati da aka nan da nan annexed ta Tarayyar Soviet. Istoniyanci tarihi ɓaci ta da wani lokaci na danniya, dubban aka azabtar ko aika zuwa kurkuku sansani. 19.000 Estonians aka kashe. Farmers gilla a tilasta collectivisation da kuma dubban baƙi zuba a cikin ƙasar daga yankuna daban-daban na Tarayyar Soviet. Tsakanin 1939 da kuma 1989. kashi 'yan asalin Istoniyanci rage daga 97 zuwa 62%.

A mayar da martani ga danniya da yaƙin motsi da aka shirya a shekarar 1944. 14 dubu. "Forest 'yan'uwa" dauke da makamai da kansu da kuma ya tafi karkashin kasa, aiki a kananan kungiyoyin a ko'ina cikin kasar. Abin baƙin ciki, ayyukansu sun ba su cin nasara, kuma m juriya da aka kusan shafe ta 1956.

Amma tsiwirwirinsu ƙarfi DiSSiDENT motsi, da kuma a kan 50th tunawa da sanya hannu na Stalin-Hitler yarjejeniya a Tallinn shirya wata babbar taron. Fiye da 'yan watanni, da zanga-zangar girma, Estonians bukaci a maido da statehood. Song bukukuwa sun zama mai iko hanyar gwagwarmaya. A mafi m daga gare su, ya faru a shekarar 1988, a lokacin da 250 da dubu. Estonians taru a Song Festival filaye a Tallinn. Yana janyo hankalin mai yawa na kasa da kasa da hankali ga halin da ake ciki a cikin Baltic Amirka.

A watan Nuwamba shekarar 1989, da Istoniyanci Majalisar Koli ayyana abubuwan da suka faru na 1940 da wani aiki na soja ta'adi da ayyana su ba bisa doka ba. A shekarar 1990, free zaben da aka gudanar a kasar. Duk da Rasha ta yunkurin hana wannan, Estonia kõma samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1991.

Modern Estonia: tarihin kasar (takaice)

A shekarar 1992, na farko babban zabe a karkashin sabon kundin tsarin mulki, tare da sa hannu na sabon jam'iyyun siyasa. Union of Pro Patria lashe zaben da kunkuntar gefe. Its shugaban, 32-shekara tarihi Mart Laar ya zama firayim ministan kasar. Da sabuwar tarihi na Estonia matsayin mai zaman kanta a jihar. Laar fara canja wurin jihar a kan reluwe da wani free kasuwar tattalin arzikin, ya buga da Istoniyanci Kroon da kuma fara tattaunawa a kan cikakken janyewar sojojin Rasha. A kasar hũra da taimako a lokacin da na karshe ƙungiyoyin sojoji bar jamhuriyar a shekarar 1994, da barin wani fatattakakkun ƙasar a arewa maso gabashin gurbata ruwan karkashin kasa a kusa da airbases da sharar nukiliya a sojan ruwa sansanonin.

Estonia shiga cikin EU a ranar 1 ga watan Mayu 2004, kuma soma da Yuro a shekarar 2011.