Ina tsibirin Spitsbergen. Tsibirin na Svalbard wanda ya mallaki?

Tsibirin na Svalbard da ya rage ga mafi Russia, a irin "Terra incognita" - uncharted ƙasar. Wasu mutane ko da wuya amsa tambaya na kasa da ƙasa. Mafi yawan mutane san kawai cewa Svalbard ne ayi wani wuri a cikin nisa arewa, a hayin Arctic Circle da Rasha Federation yana da shi da wasu dama.

Ko shi wajibi ne don kwatanta wannan tsibirin da Kurils? Za mu bayyana tambaya a kasa. Duk da wuri na "kusan a Arewa iyakacin duniya", tafiya zuwa Svalbard ne quite rare. Domin bayani a kan lokacin da ya tafi zuwa ga iyakacin duniya yanki na ƙasar, inda ya zauna da kuma abin da ya gani, za mu bayyana a cikin wannan labarin.

Ina tsibirin Spitsbergen

Bari mu fara da karamin kyautatuwa. Gaskiyar cewa definition of "Tsibirin" dangane da Svalbard zai zama ba daidai ba. Wannan tarin tsiburai. Shi ya ta'allaka ne kawai da daya da rabi sa'a jirgin daga Arewa iyakacin duniya. Kuma saboda wani hali mai faɗi - m ake yin dusar ƙanƙara hamada, permafrost, iyakacin duniya Bears.

The tarin tsiburai, da duka yanki na sittin da dubu ɗaya da murabba'in kilomita kunshi uku manyan tsibiran, bakwai kananan da kuma babban adadin kadan. Lalle zauna kawai da most - West Spitsbergen (37,673 km ^2). Akwai daya ne kawai filin jirgin sama da kuma babban birnin na yankin, da birnin Longyearbyen.

Bayan shi, da West Spitsbergen akwai kauyuka: Barentsburg, NY-Ålesund, Grumant da Dala. A karshe biyu ana yanzu yashe. A wasu tsibirai (Arewa maso Gabas Land, Edge, Barents, White, Kongsøya, Wilhelm Svenskøya) mutãne ba su zama fiye da dozin, har ma sai kawai a lokacin rani. The yawan dukan tarin tsiburai ne kasa da dubu uku mutane.

sauyin yanayi

Spitsbergen Island da yake a cikin Arctic Ocean tsakanin 76 m da kuma 80 digiri arewa latitud da 10 ° -32 ° na gabas longitude. Duk da haka, wannan tsari ba ya nufin cewa tarin tsiburai - mai ɗamfarar Arctic hamada. Saboda Shpitsbergskomu kogin (wani reshe na Gulf Stream) Sea kashe bakin tekun taba freezes. A sauyin yanayi a cikin tarin tsiburai ba kamar yadda tsanani kamar yadda a wasu wurare a cikin wannan latitud. Alal misali, talakawan zafin jiki a watan Janairu a nan 11-15 digiri kasa sifili. kawai don +6 ° C kwance a Yuli ma'aunin zafi da sanyio.

The yawon shakatawa kakar akwai biyu: daga watan Maris zuwa Iya akwai zo magoya na hunturu fun da kuma son shiga cikin matsananci iyakacin duniya hunturu. Sun hau kan snowmobiles, ganin darajarsa arewacin fitilu. Daga Yuni zuwa watan Agusta tarin tsiburai ziyarci da wani mabanbanta masu sauraro. Yawon bude ido a ji dadin iyakacin duniya rana, kayaking tsakanin icebergs, kallon da iyakacin duniya Bears. Akwai wadanda suka duba wannan tarin tsiburai a matsayin mai wucewa tushe a kan hanyar zuwa Arewa iyakacin duniya.

yanayi

Norwegians kiran tsibirin Spitsbergen Svalbard, ma'ana "garin kankara gefe." A Dutchman Barents suna da tarin tsiburai ba a kan yanayin halaye, da kuma a cikin sauƙi - "ishãra Mountains." A cikin harshen da discoverer wannan sauti kamar Spitz-Bergen. The girma ganiya ne Newton. An located a West Spitsbergen. Tsayinsa ba ma babban - 1712 mita, amma ɓangaren da duwatsu da ke sa shi a snow-rufe dutse.

Af, da glaciers rufe fiye da rabin yankin na dukan tarin tsiburai. Ko da a cikin bazara za ka iya samun snow tsibiran. Coast daga cikin tsibiran an yanke, da yawa fjords. A tsirin shi ne hali da tundra. Gana da Dwarf Birch, iyakacin duniya Willow, lichens da kuma mosses. Mafi na kowa dabba - na iyakacin duniya bear. Suna zaune a nan kamar yadda fox da kuma Svalbard reindeer (da gajeren dukkan arewacin jinsunan). Birds mafi yawa tashi a lokacin bazara lokaci. A cikin hunturu, akwai kawai iyakacin duniya Partridge. Amma teku a kusa da bakin tekun na Spitsbergen aka jiha tare da bambancin namun daji. Ga an same Whales, walruses, beluga Whales da like.

labarin

Mafi m, da tarin tsiburai da aka gano na da Vikings. A tarihin 1194 ake magana a kai a gefe na Svalbard. Aƙalla daga XVII karni, Spitsbergen tsibirin ya zama sananne Pomerania. Wadanda kira shi Grumant. Ga duniya ya bude tarin tsiburai Dutch Explorer William Barents a 1596, ko da yake kamar a lokaci guda ya bayyana a tsibirin, ya kira a kan kasar Charts Saints Rasha.

Tun da Barents bayyana cewa gani a gida ruwan babban Whales, garzaya zuwa gaba daga dama kifi jiragen. Ba da da ewa da suke siffantawa da tsibiran fara nuna Denmark da kuma Birtaniya. A cikin shekaru 60 da na karni na sha takwas, akwai biyu kimiyya expeditions sun ziyarci, shirya M. Lomonosov.

Duk da cewa Rasha ba gina akwai wani kauye, wasu tekun-'yan zo nan a lokacin rani domin kama kifi. Lokacin da dabbobi a cikin tarin tsiburai zauna da kafofin low, tsibirin da aka yi watsi da shẽkara ɗari. Wani sabon karuwa ban sha'awa a Svalbard fito a nuna na XIX-XX ƙarni, a lokacin da bil'adama shi ne lankwasa don isa da Arewa iyakacin duniya. Free kankara ruwa da kuma wani gwada da m sauyin yanayi na tsibirin amfani Arctic balaguro. Svalbard ya zama wata babbar farawa tushe.

Tsibirin na Svalbard: wanda ya mallaki?

Lokacin da tarin tsiburai iko kwal da aka samu riba a cikin Lost Tsibirin a cikin Arctic Circle sake tsananta. Amma a 1920, wannan tambaya na jihar ƙasar ikon mallakar ne karshe ya yanke shawarar duniya. A Paris an sa hannu cikin abin da ake kira Spitsbergen yarjejeniyar, bisa ga abin da mulkin tarin tsiburai tashi Norway. Duk da haka, bisa ga wannan yarjejeniya, duk jam'iyyun da yarjejeniya (da UK, Amurka, Faransa, Japan, Sweden, Italy, Netherlands, kuma daga baya Tarayyar Soviet) tanada dama wajen samar da ma'adanai.

Kada na bukatar visa zuwa ziyarci tarin tsiburai?

Rubuce, babu. Bayan duk, ba wani abu wanda tsibirin Spitsbergen, da jama'a na duk wadannan kasashe-sa hannu su kyauta ziyarci tarin tsiburai. Duk da haka, a yi, samun dama zuwa Svalbard kai tsaye daga Rasha ba haka sauki. Kawai a kakar akwai lokaci-lokaci aika shatan flights, da kuma kujeru a cikin jirgin sama tanada iyakacin duniya masu bincike ko jama'a bãyinSa. Saboda haka, masu yawon shakatawa da su tashi via Oslo (SAS da kamfanoni da "Norwegian Airlines"). Wannan na bukatar mahara Turai labarinka visa shiga Norway. Za ka iya ziyarci tarin tsiburai da kuma a cikin shakka daga wani alatu cruise a kan teku shafi, "Kapitan Khlebnikov".

yawon shakatawa

A Yaren mutanen Norway hukumomi sun sosai da sauri refocused tarin tsiburai tattalin arzikin kasar a cikin yanayi na ragewa yawan Whales da iyakacin duniya take ɗauke da fall a ci farashin. Yanzu da babban amfani a cikin ecotourism. sabon shugabanci. Ya zuwa yanzu, kawai dubu biyu yawon bude ido a shekara ziyarci tsibirin sanyi. Kada taimaka ga ci gaban wannan masana'antu da kuma farashin. Ga duk abin da yake tsada: daga hotel dakin (mafi sauki tattalin arzikin version za su kudin mai dala xari da dare) kafin cin abinci. Duk da haka, m yawon bude ido da wannan ba ya hana. Yunƙurin zuwa glaciers, teku rafting, kare sledding, m tattara (na tarin tsiburai sosai) - duk kunshe a cikin sallar farilla shirin.

Islands - wajibi-free cinikayya zone. Godiya mata, da jama'ar na tarin tsiburai zaune arziki Norwegians a nahiyar. Daga barancen da kariyar tsibirin Spitsbergen. Aiki a kan da yawa mahakar tsaya da suka tuba a cikin wani gidan kayan gargajiya. Kada dakatar da samar da kwal kawai Rasha hakar gwal. Ko da yake wannan yana samar da mai ba da riba da kuma aka tallafi ta jiha.

tsabar kudi abin kunya

A shekara ta 1993, da commemorative tsabar "Spitsbergen Island" da aka minted da Moscow kotu. Yana nuna wani iyakacin duniya bear da taswirar da tarin tsiburai. Kamar yadda kudi da aka yi wani rubutu "Rasha Federation", Norway ya dauki wannan a matsayin wani hari a kan karkararta. A diplomasiyya jere aka zaunar kawai a lokacin da kudi da aka janye daga wurare dabam dabam. Rage a hannun haraji tsabar kudi ne a high bukatar.