Ingantaccen gwaje-gwaje a kan phenol. Shiri na Phenols: Reaction

Carbolic acid - daya daga cikin sunayen phenol, ya nuna ta musamman hali a sunadarai matakai. Wannan abu ne mai sauki fiye da benzene shiga cikin nucleophilic canzawa dauki. A muhimmi Properties na wani fili suna bayyana motsi acidic hydrogen zarra a cikin hydroxyl kungiyar bonded ga zobe. A nazarin kwayoyin tsarin da kuma high quality-martani ga damar da phenol fili hada aromatic mahadi - benzene Kalam.

Phenol (hydroxybenzene)

A 1834, wani Jamus sunadarai Runge kasaftawa carbolic acid daga ci kwalta, amma bai iya sauya abun da ke ciki. Daga baya, wasu masu bincike sun samarwa a dabara, da kuma dauki wani sabon dangane da aromatic barasa. A sauki wakilin wannan kungiya - phenol (hydroxybenzene). A ta m tsari, wannan abu ne mai m crystal ciwon halayyar wari. Air-phenol launi iya canza zama ruwan hoda, ko ja. Domin aromatic barasa hankula matalauta ruwan sanyi solubility da kyau - a cikin kwayoyin kaushi. Phenol narke a zazzabi na 43 ° C. Shin wani mai guba fili, a lamba tare da fata sa mai tsanani konewa. A aromatic moiety ne m na phenyl (C6H5-). Kai tsaye tare da daya daga cikin carbon sunadaran oxygen aka bonded da hydroxyl kungiyar (-OH). A gaban kowane daga cikin barbashi nuna dace ingantaccen dauki zuwa phenol. Da dabara nuna total abun ciki na sunadaran sinadaran abubuwa a cikin kwayoyin - C6H6O. Tsarin gani tsarin dabara, ciki har da sake zagayowar da Kekule aikin kungiyar - hydroxyl. Kayayyakin misali na DNA, wani aromatic barasa ba sharosterzhnevye model.

Features daga cikin kwayoyin tsarin

Kutse na benzene zobe kuma OH kungiyar ma'anar sinadaran dauki na phenol da karafa, halogens, sauran abubuwa. Bayan daure su cikin aromatic zobe na oxygen zarra take kaiwa zuwa wani redistribution na electron yawa a cikin kwayoyin. Communication O-H ne mafi iyakacin duniya, wanda results a ƙara motsi na hydrogen a hydroxyl kungiyar. A proton za a iya maye gurbinsu da karfe kwayoyin halitta, wanda ya nuna cewa acidity na phenol. Bi da bi, da OH kungiyar qara amsawa Properties na benzene zobe. Delocalization na electrons ƙaruwa, da kuma ikon electrophilic canzawa a cikin nucleus din. Wannan qara da motsi na da hydrogen atoms bonded zuwa carbon a ortho- da para-wuri (2, 4, 6). Wannan sakamako ne saboda da gaban bayarwa electron yawa - hydroxyl kungiyar. Saboda tasirin da take da phenol aiki fiye da benzene behaves a halayen da wasu abubuwa da kuma sabon substituents daidaitacce a ortho- da para-matsayi.

A acidic Properties

A hydroxyl kungiyar na aromatic barasa oxygen zarra yakan mallaki wani m cajin, yanã raunanar da ta sadarwa tare da hydrogen. proton saki yana yuwuwa, don haka phenol behaves kamar yadda wani rauni acid, amma karfi fiye da alcohols. Ingantaccen dauki zuwa phenol hada da gwajin litmus gwajin a gaban protons canjãwa launi daga blue zuwa ruwan hoda. A gaban halogen kwayoyin halitta ko nitro kungiyoyin hade da benzene zobe take kaiwa zuwa wani karuwa a hydrogen aiki. A sakamako ne lura a cikin nitro phenol kwayoyin. Lower acidity substituents kamar wani amino kungiyar, da kuma alkyl (CH3-, C2H5-, da dai sauransu). Mahadi da cewa kawo tare da wani benzene zobe, a hydroxyl kungiyar da kuma wani methyl m, yana nufin cresol. Da kaddarorin ne weaker fiye carbolic acid.

phenol dauki tare da sodium da kuma alkaline

Hakazalika acid phenol aka mayar da martani tare da karafa. Alal misali, reacts tare da sodium: 2C6H5-OH + 2Na = 2C6H5-ona + H2 ↑. Kafa sodium phenoxide, kuma gaseous hydrogen da aka saki. Phenol aka mayar da martani tare da narkewa sansanonin. Yana auku neutralization dauki samar da wata gishiri da ruwa: C6H5-OH + NaOH = C6H5 -ONa + H2O. Da ikon ba hydrogen a hydroxyl kungiyar a phenol ne m fiye da mafi inorganic da carboxylic acid. Yana displaces shi daga salts narkar da a cikin ruwa ko da carbon dioxide (carbonic acid). Reaction lissafi: C6H5-ona + CO2 + H2O = C6H5-OH + NaHCO3.

A halayen na benzene zobe

Aromatic Properties ne saboda electron delocalization a benzene tsakiya. Hydrogen daga zobe da aka sauya ta halogen kwayoyin halitta, nitro. A irin wannan tsari a phenol kwayoyin da sauki fiye da na benzene. Daya misali - da bromination. Benzene halogen aiki a gaban mai kara kuzari, ya samu bromobenzene. Phenol aka mayar da martani tare da bromine ruwa a karkashin al'ada yanayi. The hulda da wani farin precipitate na 2,4,6-tribromophenol, wanda bayyanar rarrabe da gwajin abu kama da shi daga aromatic mahadi. Bromination - ingantaccen dauki ga phenol. Jadawalin: C6H5-OH + 3Br2 = C6H2Br3 + HBr. Na biyu dauki samfurin - hydrogen bromide. Lokacin da martani phenol da tsarma nitric acid samu nitro wanda aka samu. A dauki samfurin da mayar da hankali nitric acid - 2,4,6-trinitrophenol ko picric acid na da babban m muhimmanci.

Ingantaccen gwaje-gwaje a kan phenol. jerin

A cikin hulda da abubuwa samu wani abinci cewa ba ka damar kafa da ingantaccen abun da ke ciki na farawa kayan. A yawan launi dauki nuna gaban barbashi, aikin kungiyoyin da suke da amfani ga sinadaran analysis. Ingantaccen dauki tabbatar da wanzuwar phenol da kwayoyin na abu da aromatic zobe kuma OH-kungiyoyin:

1. A bayani na phenol blue litmus takarda ja.
2. Canza launin dauki phenols ma yi a cikin wani rauni asali matsakaici da diazonium salts. A rawaya ko orange azo dyes.
3. An mayar da martani tare da bromine ruwa ruwan kasa precipitate bayyana fari tribromophenol.
4. A dauki tare da ferric chloride bayani samu phenoxide ferric - abu blue, Violet ko kore saka launi.

samun phenols

Phenol Production a cikin masana'antu ne a biyu ko uku, saukarwa. A mataki na farko na propylene da benzene a gaban aluminum chloride samar cumene (isopropylbenzene kowa sunan). A lissafi na dauki na Friedel-Crafts dauki: C6H5-OH + C3H6 = C9H12 (cumene). Benzene da propylene a cikin wani rabo na 3: 1 ne haye wani acidic kara kuzari. Ƙara, maimakon na gargajiya mai kara kuzari - aluminum chloride - ecologically tsarki zeolites. A karshe mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka da aka gudanar tare da oxygen a gaban sulfuric acid: C6H5-C3H7 + O2 = C6H5-OH + C3H6O. A phenols iya samu daga barasan na ci, ne tsaka-tsakin a samar da wasu kwayoyin abubuwa.

A amfani da phenols

Aromatic alcohols ana amfani da ko'ina a cikin robobi masana'antu, dyes, da magungunan kashe qwari da kuma sauran abubuwa. carbolic acid samar da benzene ne mataki na farko, a cikin halittar wani yawan polymers, ciki har da polycarbonates. Phenol aka mayar da martani tare da formaldehyde, phenol-formaldehyde resins ake samu.

Cyclohexanol ne albarkatun kasa domin samar da polyamides. Phenols ana amfani da magunguna iri iri da kuma disinfectants a deodorants, lotions. Amfani da su samu phenacetin, salicylic acid da wasu kwayoyi. Phenols ake amfani da a samar da resins cewa an yi amfani da lantarki kayayyakin (sauya, kwasfa). Suna kuma amfani da shiri na azo dyes, kamar phenylamine (aniline). Picric acid, wanda shine nitro Kalam na phenol amfani ga batawa kyallen takarda, nakiyoyi yi.