Biodiversity: abin da kwayoyin ne prokaryotes?

Wanne kwayoyin ne prokaryotes? Prokaryotes - ban mamaki kuma bambancin halitta. Suna iya rayuwa a kusan duk wani mazauninsu, ƙirƙiri kuma sami m makamashi a hanyoyi daban-daban, da kuma wasu daga cikinsu ma suna da yara.

Prokaryotes: general bayanai

Wanne kwayoyin ne prokaryotes? Waɗannan su ne mafi yawa kwayoyin cewa zauna cikin duniyarmu. Yanzu rarrabuwa na prokaryotes bisa wani hade da ilimin kwayoyin hali da kuma phenotypic Properties. Yawan aka sani jinsunan prokaryotes yanzu ya wuce 6200. Wadannan kwayoyin bayyana a Duniya da kowa da kuma ci gaba da zuwa a amince zama a cikin rãyuwar.

Ban sha'awa facts da kuma taƙaitaccen bayanin prokaryotes

1) Prokaryotes rayuwa a duk inda akwai rayuwa, kuma zai ze, rayuwa ba zai iya zama, saboda rayuwa daga wadannan kwayoyin iya zama sanyi, zafi, acidic da alkaline kafofin watsa labarai.

2) Prokaryotes aka gano ko a zurfin game 3 km kasa da duniya ta surface.

3) Mafi yawan prokaryotes - wani iri-iri guda-celled kwayoyin tare da mai girma Na'urar iya aiki.

4) Mutane da yawa mutane suna m, kamar rabin dukkan prokaryotes iya directed motsi.

5) A Kwayoyin suna prokaryotes sauki fiye da eukaryotic matsayin ciki tsari da kuma ilimin kwayoyin hali kungiyar.

6) A alƙarya da prokaryotes girma da kuma daidaita da sauri.

7) A karkashin sharadi gwargwado guda cell ne iya samar da wata babbar mallaka na zuriyyata a wani gwada da kankanen lokaci.

8) Masu bincike a kai a kai daskarewa mazauna samfurori domin gudanar da wani ƙarin post-narke gwaje-gwajen da kuma ci gaba da bincike da siffofin wadannan zaunanniya tãlikai.

abinci karbuwa

A wani cikakken la'akari da abin da kwayoyin ne prokaryotes, ya mamaye wani muhimmin wuri mai tsari ga shirya abinci. Saboda haka, kwayoyin samun makamashi daga hasken ne phototrophic, a sakamakon sinadaran halayen - chemotroph. Kwayoyin cewa kawai carbon dioxide (CO ₂₎ a matsayin carbon source, suna autotrophic. Masu rai, wanda na bukatar a kalla daya kwayoyin gina jiki tushen (glucose), suna heterotrophs.

Photoautotrophs - photosynthetic kwayoyin da cewa yin amfani da haske da makamashi a ta da kira hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi daga carbon dioxide (shuke-shuke da kuma algae). Chemotroph bukatar kawai carbon dioxide a cikin carbon source, amma iya samun makamashi da oxidizing inorganic abubuwa (hydrogen sulfide (H ₂ S), ammonia (NH ₃₎ da na baƙin ƙarfe ions (Fe ^2+)). Wannan musamman Hanyar abinci ga prokaryotes.

mazauninsu

Game da yanayi prokaryotes mazauninsu, shi yana iya zama mafi bambancin. Mutane da yawa fasali na prokaryotes suna da alaka da cewa wadannan kwayoyin ne iya tsira a cikin mafi matsananci yanayi: high, gwargwado, matsananci zafi, wuraren rasa oxygen. Prokaryotes iya rayuwa a cikin jikin dabbobi da mutane, na taimaka wa mai ta hanyar symbiosis yin ayyuka na jikinsa (narkewa).

Ikon prokaryotes aka samar daga da dama kafofin. Wannan na iya zama wani search na matattu Kwayoyin ko farauta domin live (musamman rare). Mafi na kowa Hanyar da samun da zama dole na gina jiki - shi ne ya halicci makamashi ta hanyar photosynthesis, ko amfani da sauran ma'adanai irin su sulfur.

Daban da kuma tsarin da prokaryotes

Wanne kwayoyin ne prokaryotes? Akwai biyu main iri: kwayoyin da guda-celled kwayoyin. Prokaryotic Kwayoyin hada jini membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes da kuma kayyade abu (DNA ko RNA). Wasu jinsunan ma da ƙarin Tsarin - cell bango, flagella da sauransu. A tsarin da prokaryotic Kwayoyin, kowane cell Tsarin da kuma aka gyara taka muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaban, da rayuwa da kuma haifuwa.

jini membrane

Prokaryotic Kwayoyin iya samun Multi-Layer jini membrane. A prokaryotes, da aka sani da gram-korau kwayoyin cuta, misali, sau da yawa biyu jini membrane, tsakanin wanda shi ne abin da ake kira periplasm. Kamar yadda a duk Kwayoyin, da jini membrane a prokaryotic Kwayoyin ne ke da alhakin gudanar da iko da dukan abin da yake da wani ɓangare na cell.

Communication faruwa ta membrane, ciki har da aikawa da kuma karbar sakonni daga sauran sinadaran da kwayan interactions da eukaryotic Kwayoyin, kwayoyin a lokacin dauke da kwayar cutar tafiyar matakai. Ya kamata a haifa tuna cewa jini membrane ne duniya duka biyu prokaryotic da eukaryotic Kwayoyin.

cytoplasm

Cytoplasmic a prokaryotic Kwayoyin, reminiscent na jelly ko gel, wani ruwa abu, wanda gidaje duk sauran salula gyara. Kwanan nan, masana kimiyyar ya gano cewa prokaryotic Kwayoyin ne mai hadaddun da kuma aikin cytoskeleton, kama da abin da da eukaryotic Kwayoyin. Saboda haka, tantanin halitta zai iya kula da siffar.

ribosomes

Prokaryotic ribosomes ne karami, kuma suna da wani dan kadan daban-daban siffar da kuma abun da ke ciki fiye da wadanda samu a eukaryotic Kwayoyin. Shin m da kuma aiki da wannan salon salula bangaren - yi da sigina sunadaran cewa aika DNA.

kwayoyin abu

All Kwayoyin suna prokaryotes dauke da wani babban adadin kwayoyin abu a cikin nau'i na DNA da RNA. Domin prokaryotes hada da kwayoyin wanda Kwayoyin suna da nuclei, guda manyan madauwari DNA rabo dauke da mafiya yawa daga cikin kwayoyin halittu zama dole domin ci, da rayuwa da kuma haifuwa na sel. DNA a wadannan Kwayoyin da aka gabatar a bazuwar jerin.

Yawanci, da DNA ta lullube ko'ina cikin cell domin a decoded da kuma tuba a cikin RNA. A microscope iya ganin hatimi a wani musamman daki, shi ne kayyade abu (DNA). Bugu da kari wani guda babban ɓangare na chromosomal DNA na da yawa prokaryotic Kwayoyin ma dauke da kananan guda na DNA da ake kira plasmids. Wadannan madauwari DNA zobba ana kofe ko da chromosomes da za a iya canjawa wuri daga wani prokaryotic cell zuwa wani.

Saboda da halaye na prokaryotes iya amince tsira a kowane yanayi, su ne a ko'ina - a cikin saba yanayi da kuma a gishiri tabkuna, maɓuɓɓugan ruwan zafi, volcanoes da craters a cikin zurfi a cikin hanjinsu na Duniya. Saboda haka, prokaryotes ne mafi m, kuma mai yiwuwa kwayoyin a duniya.