Intraspecific gasar, da rawar da yawa dalilai

A ra'ayi na gasar aka ƙara rufe a cikin tattalin arziki Sphere, amma ta asalin har yanzu a ilmin halitta. Menene wannan ra'ayi? Mene ne muhimmancin gasar a cikin daji? A cikin siffofin da sunadaran da gasar, ganin daga baya a cikin wannan labarin.

Daban-daban effects a kan kwayoyin

Ba wanda kwayoyin halittar ba ya wanzu a kadaici. An kewaye da wani yawan abubuwan da rai ko maras rai yanayi. Saboda haka, a wata hanya shi ne kullum hulda da yanayi da kuma sauran kwayoyin. A farko dabba zuwa shafar Muciya, a cikin yawan da aka gyara sun hada da lithosphere, hydrosphere da kuma yanayi. M ayyuka na shuke-shuke da dabbobi da aka kai tsaye alaka da adadin hasken rana, damar yin amfani da ruwa, da sauransu. D.

Tasiri gwajin kwayoyin da ta interactions da juna. Irin wannan sakamako ne da ake kira biotic dalilai, wanda ya bayyana a matsayin sakamako na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta a kan shuke-shuke, wanda a nuna rinjayar da yanayi. Su ilmin halitta ne rabu cikin trophic (sinadirai bisa ga dangantakar tsakanin kwayoyin), Topical (game da canje-canje a cikin yanayi), fabricheskie (dangane da location), foricheskie (yiwuwar ko rashin yiwuwar shari juna kwayoyin) dalilai.

The hulda da rayayyun kwayoyin halitta

A dauke da fitar da muhimmanci ayyuka na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta, lalle zã shafi cikin "masu zaman kansu sarari" na wasu kwayoyin. Wannan na iya faruwa biyu tsakanin membobin wannan jinsin da kuma iri-iri. Dangane da hulda da kwayoyin cutarwa ga ko ba, rarrabe tsaka tsaki, tabbatacce kuma korau iri dangantaka.

A dangantaka a wadda biyu na jiki ba su samu wani abu da ake kira neutralism. M hulda aka dauke mutualism - mai amfanar da co-wanzuwar mutane. Gaba daya korau hali za a iya kira allelopathy, a lokacin da cohabitation cũtar jam'iyyun biyu. Wannan kuma ya hada da intraspecific da interspecific gasar.

Wasu dangantaka da daban-daban effects a jiki. Alal misali, lokacin da predation da parasitism daya kwayoyin tsira a kan wasu ko ya ciyar da su. Lokacin da Commensalism ni'imar sami daya kawai takara dangantaka, domin wani, su ne tsaka tsaki. Lokacin da amensalizme jiki daya ya cũtar wani, amma bai sami wani zãlunci ko mai kyau.

gasar

Muhimman abubuwan da ga al'ada rayuwar dabbobi, shuke-shuke, kwayoyin da kuma yanayi ne hanya sarari. Tare da rashin gasar akwai tsakanin rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Wannan irin antibiosis - antagonistic dangantaka, inda wasu mutane daban suna tilasta su yi yaƙi, domin su zama.

Kishi a cikin daji sau da yawa faruwa a lokacin da mutane suna da irin wannan bukatun. Idan yaki ya auku tsakanin mutane na daya jinsin, shi ne intraspecific gasar, idan daban-daban - interspecific.

Gasa rayayyun kwayoyin halitta iya bayyane, kai tsaye tsoma baki da rayuwar abokan hamayyarsu. Alal misali, sa'ad da tushen da wasu shuke-shuke zalunci wasu, ko wasu sauran dabbobi suna kore daga zafi tabo. Gasar kuma iya zama kai tsaye ba. Yana bayyana kanta a lokacin da wani abokin gaba fiye rayayye halakar da zama dole albarkatu.

intraspecific gasar

Misalan intraspecific gwagwarmaya za a iya gani quite sau da yawa. Wannan irin gasar da aka lura tsakanin mutane da daya ko fiye alƙarya. Babban dalilin wannan ne guda tsarin kwayoyin da kuma, sabili da haka, wannan bukatun muhalli dalilai da kuma abinci.

Intraspecific gasar ne tougher fiye da interspecific. Bayyanuwar wannan gwagwarmaya za a iya gani a delimitation na ƙasa tsakanin mutane. Saboda haka shaida barshi cikin bishiya kambori da alãmarsu, suka gargadi na da kasancewar. Domin da rabo daga sarari sau da yawa amfani da wari, da murya da ƙarfi na ƙararrawa. Wani lokaci mutane kawai kai farmaki juna.

Idan akwai gasar ga albarkatun, wani lokacin shi ne asymmetrical. A wannan yanayin, daya gefen da karfi fiye da sauran shan wahala. A sakamakon intraspecific gasar a karshen daya daga cikin alƙarya iya bace ko mutate.

Me ya sa ake gasar?

Daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci ayyuka na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta su tsira, haka wuce zuwa zuriya mafi kyau a kayyade kayan. A karkashin manufa da yanayi, da muhalli injin, domin wannan babu wani cikas, ya kuma inganta akwai wani kishi.

Intraspecific gasar faruwa a karkashin m muhalli yanayi, lokacin da jiki ke tilasta su yi yaƙi, domin haske, ruwa ko abinci. Matsananci yanayi na iya haifar da wani canji a cikin irin rayuwa sake zagayowar, hanzarta ci gaban. Duk da haka, wannan ba ya cancanta. Wani lokacin gasar faruwa a lokacin da mutane suna jayayya don na da hakkin ya dominance a cikin garke, garken ko girman kai. Wannan hali ya auku a cikin dabbobi a cikin abin da zamantakewa matsayi ci gaba.

An muhimmiyar rawa aka buga da yawan yawa. Wuce kima girma na yawan na daya jinsin kan lokaci, take kaiwa zuwa wani rashin albarkatun, wanda zai iya haifar da nau'i nau'i na jinsi. Don kauce wa wannan, a cikin wasu nau'in, kamar hakori, ko da bayyana tura cutar. A dabbobi "ikon ninka hanzari rage-rage, amma qara laulayi cututtuka daban-daban.

The rawa da sunadaran da gasar

Competition ne mai muhimmanci da kayan aiki na halitta. A farko wuri shi ne aka yi nufi ga tsara da adadin mutane. Kowane jinsi na da yawa canja darajar, da kuma lokacin da mutane a cikin wannan yawan zama da yawa, sun hada da kula da sunadaran. Domin gudanar da wannan rawar, yanayi yana amfani da hanyoyi da dama: ƙãra mace-mace, da rabo daga cikin ƙasa.

A cikin mahallin high yawan jama'a da kuma iyaka sarari, da wasu mutane na iya barin saba yanayi, da kuma ci gaba da wani. Saboda haka daga wannan alƙarya biyu daban-daban tsayawar. Wannan tsiraru da tabbatar da fadi da rarraba da jinsin da kuma wani babban rayuwa kudi. Wasu iri wannan tsari - lokaci, misali a migratory tsuntsaye.

A sakamakon intraspecific gasar kyakkyawan tsira mafi barga, kuma mai yiwuwa mutum. Su physiological halaye genetically daukar kwayar cutar, kuma ta haka ne da taimako zuwa ga kyautata na jinsi.

Misalan intraspecific da interspecific gasar

Rarrabe tsakanin biyu na asali iri gasar ne ba ko da yaushe sauki. Don gane da wannan mafi gani. Wani misali na interspecific gasar iya zama a matsayin "nasara" a kan baki launin toka bera. Sun kasance a cikin wannan HALITTAR, amma suna jinsuna daban. Gray bera ne mafi m da kuma mamaye a size, don haka shi ne sauƙin iya kau da baki daga mutum gidajensu. Amma baki ne a wajensa a kan seafaring jiragen ruwa.

A matsayin abin koyi daga intraspecific gasar iya ambaci cin naman mutane, wanda aka yi bikin a game da 1300 jinsin dabbobi. Mãtan mantis ci namiji bayan dabbar ta hanyar canjin nan da nan. A wannan hali da aka gani a cikin kãyansu, bazawara. Kunamai da kuma salaman ci 'ya'yansu. Mutane da yawa irin ƙwaro larvae ci abõkansu.

Irin ciki gasar ne territoriality. Yana auku a kifi, penguins kuma mafi sauran tsuntsaye. A lokacin kiwo kakar, ba su da damar wakilan irinsu a da kansa ƙasa, wanda aka hankali kulle.

Competition a tsire-tsire

Shuke-shuke, ko zai iya sa a fili ba kai farmaki da abokin gaba da kuma fitar da shi ma, suna da nasu hanyoyin da gasar. Su gwagwarmaya ne yafi ga haske, ruwa da kuma sarari. A cikin matsananci yanayi na zama na intraspecific gasar na shuke-shuke da shi aka bayyana a cikin nau'i na kai-thinning.

Wannan tsari zai fara ne da wani iri rarraba yankin da kuma kama shuka. Toho seedlings iya ba ci gaba ta wannan hanyar, wasu suna girma rayayye, wasu fiye da sannu a hankali. Tall itatuwa tare da yada kambi yi inuwa a wasu itatuwa, shan dukan makamashin hasken rana da kanta, da kuma su da karfi tushen zoba da hanya zuwa gina jiki. Saboda haka kananan da kuma raunana shuke-shuke mike kuma su mutu.

Gasar da aka nuna a kan waje nau'i na shuke-shuke. Wakilai na daya jinsin su iya bambanta da yawa, dangane da mataki na ware su daga sauran dabbobi. Watch wannan sabon abu zai iya zama a cikin itacen oak. Dabam girma, shi yana da m, yada kambi. Ƙananan rassan da wani karfi, kuma da raya, ba daban-daban daga saman. A cikin gandun daji, a tsakanin sauran itatuwa, da ƙananan rassan ba zai iya samun isasshen haske, kuma mutu. Oak zama kunkuntar, elongated siffar da kambi maimakon siffar zobe.

ƙarshe

Competition ne daya daga cikin iri na dangantaka. Yana faruwa tsakanin dukkan halittu ba tare da togiya. Manufar gasar da aka dauke su tsara da yawa na mutane, kazalika da kara da ikon tsira. gasar sau da yawa yakan faru saboda gwagwarmayar abinci, da ruwa, haske ko yankinsu. Yana iya faruwa a sakamakon kaifi karancin daya daga wadannan albarkatun.

Gasar yakan auku tsakanin jinsunan da cewa suna da irin wannan bukatun. A mafi girma da kama a rayayyun kwayoyin halitta, da karfi da kuma mafi m yaki. Gasa ga albarkatun iya zama mutane na biyu daya da kuma jinsuna daban. Intraspecific gasar ne sau da yawa idan na kafa wata rinjaye mutum, kazalika da yawan daga girma ɓarna,.