Iron mahadi. Hardware: zahiri da kuma sinadaran Properties

A farko kayayyakin baƙin ƙarfe da ta gami da aka samu a lokacin tono da kuma kwanan wata daga game da 4th Millennium BC. Wannan ne, da tsoho Masarawa da Sumerians amfani meteoric adibas na abu, don samar da kayan ado da kuma iyali abubuwa, kazalika da makamai.

Yau, daban-daban iri na baƙin ƙarfe mahadi da kuma m karfe - wannan shi ne ya fi kowa, kuma amfani da kayan. Ba abin mamaki ba XX karni baƙin ƙarfe aka dauke. Lalle ne, har da zuwan da tartsatsi roba da kuma alaka da kayan, wannan fili ne na hukunci da muhimmancin da mutane. Mene ne aiki rabi da kuma wanda Forms da abu, mun yi la'akari a cikin wannan takarda.

Chemical kashi baƙin ƙarfe

Idan muka yi la'akari da tsarin da zarra, shi ya kamata na farko saka da wuri a cikin lokaci-lokaci tsarin.

1. Lambar siriyal - 26.
2. Period - na hudu mafi girma.
3. Group of takwas, da subgroup sideline.
4. Atomic nauyi - 55,847.
5. A tsarin da waje lantarki bawo denoted da dabara 3d ⁶ 4s ^2.
6. Chemical kashi alama - Fe.
7. Name - baƙin ƙarfe, karanta a cikin kalma guda - "Ferrum".
8. A yanayi, akwai hudu barga isotopes na kashi da taro lambobi 54, 56, 57, 58.

Chemical kashi baƙin ƙarfe kuma yana da game da 20 daban-daban isotopes cewa ba su yi karko. Zai yiwu hadawan abu da iskar shaka wanda za a iya nuna aiki zarra:

• 0.
• +2.
• 3;
• 6.

Muhimmanci shi ne ba kawai da rabi da kanta, amma kuma ta daban-daban mahadi da kuma gami.

jiki Properties

A matsayin mai sauki abu, da baƙin ƙarfe jiki Properties yana da wani pronounced metallism. Wannan shi ne, azurfa-fari da launin toka tint karfe da ciwon high malleability da ductility kuma high narkewa da kuma tafasar maki. Idan muka yi la'akari da halaye a more daki-daki, sa'an nan:

• Narkewa batu - 1 539 ⁰ C;
• Tafasasshen - 2862 ⁰ C;
• Aiki - talakawan;
• bijirewarsu - high.
• farfado furta Magnetic Properties.

Dangane da yanayi da kuma yanayin zafi, akwai da dama da gyare-gyare wanda Forms baƙin ƙarfe. Jiki Properties na su bambanta daga gaskiya cewa daban-daban crystalline raga.

1. A alpha tsari, ko da wani ferrite wanzu zuwa da zazzabi na 769 ⁰ C.
2. Daga 769 zuwa 917 ⁰ C - beta form.
3. 917-1394 ⁰ C - gamma-nau'i, ko austenite.
4. Sama 1394 ⁰ C - sigma baƙin ƙarfe.

All gyare-gyare da daban-daban crystal raga tsarin iri, kazalika da daban-daban Magnetic Properties.

sinadaran Properties

Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, wani sauki baƙin ƙarfe fili farfado high reactivity. Duk da haka, a cikin finely raba form ne iya spontaneously ƙone a iska da kuma a cikin m oxygen konewa da karfe kanta.

Lalata ikon madaukaki ne, don haka da gami rufe wannan abu alloying mahadi. Iron ne iya hulɗa tare da:

• acid.
• oxygen (ciki har da iska).
• sulfur.
• halogens.
• a lokacin da ya kona - nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon da silicon.
• salts da kasa amsawa karafa, maido da su zuwa ga sauki abubuwa.
• m tururi.
• tare da salts baƙin ƙarfe a cikin hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar +3.

A bayyane yake, nuna irin wannan aiki, shi ne iya samar da daban-daban karfe mahadi da iyakacin duniya bambance bambancen a Properties. Kuma haka ta faru. Iron da mahadi ne musamman bambance bambancen da ake amfani da su a fannoni daban daban na ilimi, da fasaha, mutum masana'antu aiki.

Rarraba a cikin yanayi

Halitta mahadi na baƙin ƙarfe ne quite na kowa, domin shi ne na biyu mafi m kashi a duniya bayan aluminum. A m nau'i na karfe da shi ne musamman rare a meteorites, ya nuna ta babban gungu shi ne a sarari. The girma na abun da ke ciki yana kunshe ne a cikin ores, kankara da kuma ma'adanai.

Idan muka magana game da yawan da rabi a cikin yanayi, shi ne mai yiwuwa a buga wadannan Figures.

1. A nuclei na nazarin sasannin taurari - 90%.
2. The Earth ta ɓawon burodi - 5%.
3. A cikin Duniya ta alkyabbar - 12%.
4. A duniya ta core - 86%.
5. A kogin ruwa - 2 MG / L.
6. A teku, da kuma teku - 0.02 MG / l.

Mafi na kowa nau'i na baƙin ƙarfe tana gina da wadannan ma'adanai:

• magnetite.
• limonite da limonite.
• vivianite.
• pyrrhotite.
• pyrite.
• siderite.
• marcasite.
• loellingite.
• mispikel.
• milanterit da sauransu.

Yana da nisa ba cikakken jerin, domin lalle ne su sosai sosai. Bugu da kari, yadu daban-daban gami da cewa an halitta mutum. Wannan, ma, irin baƙin ƙarfe mahadi, ba tare da wanda yana da wuya su yi tunanin rayuwa ta zamani mutane. Wadannan sun hada da biyu manyan iri:

• jefa baƙin ƙarfe.
• karfe.

Har ila yau, shi ne mai muhimmanci da Bugu da kari na baƙin ƙarfe a cikin abun da ke ciki na da yawa nickel gami.

ƙarfe mahadi (II)

Wadannan sun hada da waɗanda a cikin abin da hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar ne +2 kafa kashi. Su ne isasshe da yawa, domin sun hada da:

• oxide.
• hydroxide.
• binary fili.
• hadaddun salts.
• hadaddun mahadi.

A dabarbari na sinadaran mahadi wanda nuna ce baƙin ƙarfe hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar ga kowane aji na mutum. Ka yi la'akari da mafi muhimmanci da na kowa wadanda.

1. Iron oxide (II). Black foda, insoluble a ruwa. A yanayin da connection - asali. Iya sauri oxidize, duk da haka, da kuma rage zuwa sauki abu iya ma sauƙi. Yana dissolves a acid don ya samar daidai gishiri. Formula - FeO.
2. Iron hydroxide (II). Yana da wani fari amorphous precipitate. Salts kafa ta dauki tare da kwasfansu (Alkali). Farfado rauni asali Properties, iya hanzari oxidized a iska zuwa ƙarfe mahadi ne +3. Formula - Fe (OH) _2.
3. Salts kashi a ce hadawan abu da iskar shaka. Suna yawanci kodadde-kore bayani ne da oxidized ko a iska, da samun duhu Brown launi da kuma wucewa zuwa 3. The baƙin ƙarfe gishiri narkar da a ruwa. Misalan mahadi: FeCL _2, FeSO _4, Fe (NO _{3) 2.}

The m muhimmanci tsakanin labeled abubuwa da karin mahadi. Da farko, da baƙin ƙarfe chloride (II). Shi ne babban maroki na ions a cikin jikin mutum, haƙuri da anemia. Lokacin da wannan cuta da aka yi fama da wata haƙuri, ya wajabta hadaddun shirye-shirye, wadda ake bisa kan fili a tambaya. Saboda haka akwai ƙari na baƙin ƙarfe rashi a cikin jiki.

Abu na biyu, da baƙin ƙarfe sulfate, Ina nufin ferrous sulfate (II), da tagulla da ake amfani da su kashe kwari a kan amfanin gona. A Hanyar tabbatar da tasiri ne ta farko ba dozin shekaru, don haka ne sosai nuna godiya da lambu.

Mohr ta gishiri

Wannan fili, wanda shi ne mai hydrated baƙin ƙarfe sulfate da ammonium. Formula ya rubuta kamar yadda FeSO ₄ * (NH _{4) 2} SO ₄ * 6H ₂ O. Daya daga cikin baƙin ƙarfe mahadi (II), wanda aka yi amfani da ko'ina a yi. Babban yankunan amfani ya zama mutumin.

1. Pharmaceutics.
2. Kimiyya karatu da kuma dakin gwaje-gwaje titrimetric analysis (domin sanin abun ciki na chromium, potassium permanganate, vanadium).
3. Medicine - kamar yadda wani ƙari a abinci a karkashin karancin baƙin ƙarfe a cikin jikin haƙuri.
4. Domin da impregnation na katako, kayayyakin, kamar yadda Mohr ta gishiri kare da lalata tafiyar matakai.

Akwai wasu wurare a cikin abin da abu da ake amfani. Its sunan shi ne mai suna bayan da Jamusanci sunadarai, da farko ya gano da kaddarorin nuna.

Abubuwa da wani mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na baƙin ƙarfe (III)

The kaddarorin da baƙin ƙarfe mahadi a wadda ta farfado wani mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na +3, suna da ɗan daban-daban daga wadanda dauke sama. Saboda haka, yanayi na daidai oxide da hydroxide ba na asali da kuma amphoteric bayyana. Bari mu bayyana ainihin abubuwa.

1. Iron oxide (III). Foda lafiya-grained, m-Brown launi. The ruwa insoluble, weakly acidic nuna kaddarorin mafi amphoteric. Formula: Fe ₂ Ya _3.
2. Iron hydroxide (III). A abu da precipitate a lokacin mataki na alkalis ga m baƙin ƙarfe salts. A yanayin da ya furta amphoteric, launi ruwan kasa-kasa-kasa. Formula: Fe (OH) _3.
3. Salts da suka hada da cation Fe ^3+. Irin wannan jam'i kasaftawa, fãce carbonate, kamar yadda hydrolysis ya auku da kuma samar da carbon dioxide. Misalai na wasu salts da dabara: Fe (NO _{3) 3,} Fe ₂ (SO _{4) 3,} FeCL _3, FeBr _3, da sauransu.

Daga cikin misalai a cikin m sharuddan da muhimmanci irin wannan crystalline kamar yadda FeCL _{3 *} 6H ₂ Ya, ko ferric chloride hexahydrate (III). Ana amfani da magani to daina zub da jini da kuma ƙari na baƙin ƙarfe ions a cikin jiki a lokuta da anemia.

Nonahydrate baƙin ƙarfe sulfate (III) da ake amfani da tsarkakewa daga ruwan sha, kamar yadda aikin a matsayin coagulant.

ƙarfe mahadi (VI)

Formula sinadaran mahadi baƙin ƙarfe, inda shi bayyana a musamman hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar +6, za a iya rubuta kamar haka:

• K ₂ FeO _4;
• Na ₂ FeO _4;
• MgFeO ₄ da sauransu.

Su duka da na kowa sunan - ferrates - da kuma yi kama da kaddarorin (karfi rage jamiái). suna ma iya disinfect kuma da bactericidal sakamako. Wannan damar su yi amfani da domin lura da ruwan sha a kan wani m sikelin.

hadaddun mahadi

Da muhimmanci sosai a analytical sunadarai, kuma ba kawai suna na musamman abubuwa. Irin wannan tsari a mai ruwa-ruwa da gishiri mafita. Wannan hadadden fili na baƙin ƙarfe. Mafi mashahuri kuma da-karatu na wadannan ne wadannan.

1. Hexacyanoferrate (II) potassium K ₄ [Fe (CN) _6]. Wani sunan ga dangane - rawaya jini gishiri. Yana da ake amfani da ingantaccen tabbatar da dalilin da baƙin ƙarfe ion a cikin bayani Fe ^3+. A sakamakon da mafita zama kyakkyawan haske blue color an kafa ta wani hadadden - Prussian blue KFe ³⁺ [Fe ²⁺ (CN) _6]. Tun zamanin da amfani a matsayin fenti ga zane.
2. Hexacyanoferrate (III) potassium K ₃ [Fe (CN) _6]. Wani sunan - ja jini gishiri. Amfani da wani ingantaccen tabbatar da dalilin reagent Fe ²⁺ baƙin ƙarfe ions. A sakamakon haka ne a blue precipitate da ciwon da sunan turnbuleva blue. An kuma yi amfani da matsayin fenti ga masana'anta.

Iron ne wani ɓangare na Organic abubuwa

Iron da mahadi, kamar yadda muka gani, suna da babban m muhimmancin a cikin rayuwar tattalin arzikin na mutum. Duk da haka, a cikin Bugu da kari, ta nazarin halittu rawa a cikin jiki ba kasa mai girma, quite akasin haka.

Akwai muhimmanci sosai kwayoyin fili, mai gina jiki, wanda ya hada da aiki kashi. Wannan haemoglobin. Shi ne da godiya ga shi za a kai na oxygen da kuma sanya uniform kuma dace musayar gas. Saboda haka, rawar da baƙin ƙarfe, a m matakai - numfashi - shi ne babbar.

Kawai a cikin jikin mutum ya ƙunshi game da 4 grams na baƙin ƙarfe, wanda dole ne a kullum a bayansa da ta cikin abinci cinye.