Kafa cikin "Grad": halaye, da kuma halin kaka lalacewar radius. Ta yaya tsarin na volley wuta "Grad"

A halin yanzu, da lakabi na articles da talabijin labarai da rahotanni dangane da rikici a gabashin Ukraine, za ka iya ji da sunan wannan kayan aikin soji da shigarwa na "Grad". Features mahara roka launchers ban sha'awa. Range makami mai linzami jirgin 20 km samar da arba'in neatly wuta shambura located a tushe na "Ural-375" duk-dabaran drive truck. Don kwanan wata, wannan mobile tsarin ne a sabis a fiye da 50 ƙasashe. Kuma tun shekarar 1963, tana kan wani aiki da sabis a cikin Soviet, da kuma yanzu da yake a cikin Rasha sojojin.

tarihi bayanai

A ra'ayin masu tasowa da wani sa na mahara roka launchers da kewayon fiye da 20 km ta Soviet injiniyoyi da kuma daukan ta asalin daga cikin tsakiyar 50s na karshe karni. Soja shigarwa "Grad" da aka ɓullo da su maye gurbin BM-14 tsarin. A ra'ayin shi ne cewa a kan wani truck shasi cewa iya shawo kan wuya ƙasa, rawar daji sanya wani manyan bindigogi yanki, cushe da roka.

A shekarar 1957, babban roka da manyan bindigogi iko (Grau) ya sharuddan na reference Sverdlovsk zane hukumar samar da yãƙi na'ura. Yana da ya wajaba don tsara shirin da wata na'ura da za a iya saukar da 30 da zasu shiryar da zurfin amsawa projectiles. A burin da aka samu ta kammala roka - halittar lankwasa cylindrical surface na nadawa wutsiya cakosoban.

dako developer aka zaba RI-147, wanda samarwa a fasaha na Manufacturing da gidaje a matsayin zafi zane Hanyar. A karkashin taimaka AN Ganicheva kuma tare da taimakon jihar kwamitin tsaron Technology aikin da aka fara a kan halittar wani makami mai linzami. Development warhead dako ya umurci GSKB-47, da kuma propellant cajin engine - Nii-6. Nii-147 da aka tsara harsashi da gauraye karfafawa: wutsiya da kuma juyawa.

gwajin

A shekarar 1960 ya gudanar da wuta gwaje-gwaje na jet injuna bawo. Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na shuka da za'ayi 53 da kuma 81 kuna - a matsayin gwaje-gwaje a jihar matakin.

A farko filin gwaje-gwaje da aka gudanar a watan Maris na shekarar 1962 a Birnin Leningrad. Grau ya kasaftawa 2 fama motocin da ɗari biyar roka. The shirya gudu daga 10 000 km karkashin gwajin inji ba tare da lalacewa wuce kawai 3380 km. Damage shafe ta da kara raya shasi aksali. Wannan ya karu da kwanciyar hankali na na'ura a lokacin da harbi.

Bayan da tsiyacewa na zane shortcomings na majalisar ministocin kasar da aka kafa a sabis da sabis a shekarar 1963 shigarwa "Grad", da halaye na wanda a cikin wannan shekara da aka nuna N. S. Hruschevu.

A serial samar da BM-21 da aka kaddamar a watan Janairu na gaba shekara. Har ila yau, a shekarar 1964, a Nuwamba soja farati nuna mutanen na farko da kafuwa. Tun shekara ta 1971, da fitarwa na roka launchers, kuma ta girma ya 124 da motoci, amma ta 1995 adadin "Grad", sayar a cikin 50 a} asashen duniya, akwai fiye da dubu biyu.

zane

Musamman fama fasaha halaye na "Grad" An cimma a kudi na gina hadaddun, wanda ya hada da:

• gabatarwa.
• Sufurin kaya loading abin hawa kan ZIL-131;
• wuta kula da tsarin.

Amsawa unguided projectiles (diamita 122 mm) an ɗora Kwatancen cikin wani manyan bindigogi yanki, wanda aka wakilta Yanã shiryar da 40, kowane 3 mita a kan wani m tushe. Shiriya iya yi a cikin kwance, kuma da a tsaye jirgin via da actuator ko da hannu. Cikin kewayon kusassari a kwance harbe-harben - 102 ^{a kan} hagu na abin hawa ⁷⁰ da dama. da a tsaye - daga 0 zuwa ⁵⁵ °.

A ganga tashar sanye take da wani dunƙule tsagi, wanda, a lokacin da a haɗe karshe tashi dako juyawa.

The gudun yunkuri na na'ura - 75 km / h, kuma yiwu motsi da cajin bawo. Vehicle dakatar yana kashewa tsarin abin da gusar da yin amfani da jacks goyon bayan makami. Bayan da volley iya nan da nan ka bar wuri, don haka kamar yadda ba su samun buga ta a retaliatory buga. Gyara na da harbe-harben da aka yi a raba inji iko, wani ɓangare na baturi.

Bayan nazari da zane na jet fama abin hawa, za ka iya ganin yadda shuka "Grad".

Madaidaici shiriya makami abu aka samu da gaban sighting na'urorin: panorama Hertz inji reticle da wani collimator K-1, wanda qara mataki na lalacewa a yanayi na matalauta Ganuwar.

A farko harsashi

Dako uncontrolled irin aiki a constructions manyan bindigogi Salvo, shi kunshi 3 sassa: Battle, engine da stabilizer. Warhead - kanta a harsashi da fis da yadda nake alfaharin fa cajin. Jet engine aka hada da bututun ƙarfe jam'iyya, da kuma ƙonewa foda cajin. Domin walai daga wani igniter, wanda zai kunna propellant cajin, ko amfani da Pyrocartridges elektrozalpy. Harbi da rufaffiyar lantarki kewaye, da kuma abun yanka daga Lagwani fitilu igniter.

Makami mai linzami 9M22 shi ne na farko tarin harsasai cewa kora mahara roka launchers "Grad". dako halaye:

• rubuta: high-m.
• tsawon - 2,87 m.
• nauyi - 66 kg.
• iyakar kewayo - 20.4 km, m - 1.6 km.
• jirgin gudun - 715 m / s.
• warhead nauyi - 18.4 kg, na da sulusin - fashewar.

A juyin juya halin Musulunci samu ya Alexander Ganicheva bidi'a. Ya samarwa da hanyar da Manufacturing wani dako, wanda ya kunshi a cikin tsantsa daga jikin karfe faranti, ba a mai sauki bangaranci karfe Silinda kamar dā. Wani babban rabo daga cikin Chief Designer na Nii-147 ya halittar wani abin wuya, ƙunci da dako wutsiya cakosoban da kuma bada damar da za a sanya a cikin roka girma.

9M22 harsashi kawota tare da baka buga fis din MRI da MRI-U, wanda za a iya saita zuwa 3 matakai: instantaneous, ƙanana da manyan deceleration. Tare da shan kashi na hari a takaice nisa ga daidaito na amfani birki zobba, girman wanda aka zaba kai tsaye na gwargwado ga nesa.

Development makamai masu linzami 9M22 inganta fasaha halaye na "Grad". Damage manpower a cika kaya "Castle" ne amfani da yankin zuwa 1.050 m ^2, da kuma skinned m - to 840 m ^2.

Serial samar da makamai masu linzami da ya fara a 1964 a ƙarfe foundry "shura".

Inganta da fama iyawa

Tare da ci gaba na farko makami mai linzami ya hallaka da kuma kashe abokan gāba sojojin nufi shigarwa "Grad", da halaye (lalacewar radius) ne ko da yaushe inganta. Alal misali, wadannan iri bawo an halitta:

• Inganta high-fashewar nakiyoyi irin 9M22U, 9M28F, 9M521.
• SHI-sinadaran irin - 9M23 m, a jirgin bayani dalla-dalla M22S.
• incendiary - 9M22S.
• hayaki-samar - 9M43, goma daga wadannan tarin harsasai ne iya samar da sako wani shurin hayaki a kan wani yanki na 50 kadada.
• daga anti-nawa cikas - 9M28K, 3M16.
• RFI - 9M519.
• tare da mai guba da sinadarai - 9M23.

Sauran ƙasashe da cewa samar da hadaddun lasisi ko ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, kamar yadda da kuzari tasowa sabon iri na bawo.

wuta iko

The wuta kula da tsarin ba ka damar yin harbi da gulp kadai. Pyrotechnic fis roka engine aka samu daga bugun jini janareta, wanda za a iya sarrafa a cikin taksi 21 ta BM-rarraba akwatin ko ta hanyar wani mobile m a nesa na 50 m.

A sake zagayowar duration na volley cikakken 20 seconds an saita zuwa "Grad". Features game da zazzabi, da wadannan: wanda bai yankẽwa aiki tabbas ne a yanayin zafi daga -40 ° C zuwa +50 ° C.

The Group kulawa da kafuwa kunshi wani kwamandan, da kuma 5 mataimakansa: sojan igwa. Fis sakawa. Radiotelephone / Loader. yaki da motar direban / Loader da direba na kai mota / Loader.

Motar sufurin da aka tsara don gudanar da bawo a kan jirgin gyarawa tsit shelves.

modernization

Ci gaban fasaha na bukatar m aiki a kan na zamani da makamai. In ba haka ba, har ma da mafi m matsayi a kasuwa iya rasa.

Roka launchers "Grad" a shekara ta 1986 da aka inganta. Model BM-21-1 da aka saki. Yanzu fada hawa tushe aka located a kan shasi na "Ural". Kunshin jagora shambura kare da rana mai daukan hotuna kadan garkuwa. Har ila yau, akwai yiwuwar m harbe-harben.

A kan tushen da mota Gaz-66B ta rage yawan samar da shafts bawo up to 12 hur shigarwa da aka halitta Airborne dakarun - BM-21 V.

A kan tushen da BM-21-1 a farkon 2000s. Mun yi aiki domin a saki wani mai sarrafa kansa fama abin hawa - 2B17-1. A amfani da ingantattun kafuwa - ba tare da harbe-harben a shiryar da gani da kuma fitarwa lissafi. Wannan ne definition na abokan gaba tsara gudanar kewayawa tsarin.

Fada abin hawa "Dam" (BM-21PD) Ya yi nufin kayar submarines domin tabbatar da kariya na Maritime iyaka. A tsarin iya aiki a tare da Sonar ko da kansa.

A hadaddun "Prima", halitta a cikin 80s, da 50 shiryar, to, amma saboda rashin kudade da aka ba taken domin fadada samar.

Bayar MLRS "Grad" a Czechoslovakia, Belarus da kuma Italiya. Ukrainian version na BM-21 sa a kan Krae shasi. Belarus "Grad-1A 'iya saukar lokaci guda biyu harsasai maimakon daya. A Italian tsarin roka shirin mai gabatarwa (rage tsawon FIROS) ne daban-daban a cewa bawo suna sanye take da daban-daban jet injuna, haddasa unequal nesa harbi.

soja lissafin kudi

Tare da karshen yakin duniya na biyu, da makamai tseren ci gaba rayayye. All kimiyya nasarori da aka nufin kyautata soja samar. Prices for soja kayayyakin fara girma cikin sauri fiye da a lokacin yaki.

Price of zamani makamai ne ma sosai high. Daya dako roka shirin mai gabatarwa "Grad" daraja 600-1000 daloli. Bayan al'amurra da wani fadan inji (1963), da kudin da makami mai linzami ya yi daidai da farashin biyu motoci "Volga". Kuma da taro samar da makamai masu linzami da kudin da aka sani kawai biyu albashi m - 250 rubles (bayanai daga film "Shock Force").

A kudin installing "Grad" - shi ne mai sayar m. An kiyasta daya Birtaniya mujallar, da farashin bin "Castle" - "Cyclone" - shi ne $ 1.8 miliyan (da bayanin da aka ɗauke ta daga mujallar "Phaeton", batun yawan 8, Janairu 1996, shafi na 117.).

Kamar yadda harbe kafa "Grad"?

harbi manufa na BM-21 ne m zuwa inji na yin amfani da sanannen "Katyusha" da kuma dogara ne a kan wani tsarin na Salvo da harbe-harben. A cikin 40s projectiles igwa manyan bindigogi ne ko da yaushe m zuwa guda makami mai linzami, wanda rasa daidaici da kuma taro. Injiniyoyi sun iya neutralize wannan hasara ga yin amfani da wani makami mai linzami jefa dama kututturan.

Saboda da aiki manufa na shigarwa na volley "Grad" a mataki - wani makami da za a iya hallaka 30 kadada na yankin magabta, a shafi na soja da kayan aiki, da farawa matsayi na roka, turmi baturi, wadata raka'a. A harsashi kora wannan fadan inji, inda ya kashe rai a cikin radius na 100 mita.

Farko a cikin MRL duniya cewa zai iya buga manufa a tsawon nisa, - saitin da "Grad". Halaye, radius daga halaka fama abin hawa Soviet injiniyoyi sun inganta, muddin sakamakon ba shi da wani matsakaicin sabawa na dako daga manufa na mita 30. Harkokin waje designers tunanin cewa wannan daidaituwa za a iya cimma a nesa na ba fiye da nisan kilomita 10. Duk da haka, halittar da Tarayyar Soviet ta sãme makiya daga nesa na 40 km da kuma samar da 720 bawo a 20 seconds, wanda yake daidai 2 ton na bama-bamai.

soja aikace-aikace

A farko gwajin a yi da hadaddun "Grad" da aka gudanar a 1969, a lokacin da rikici tsakanin Sin da Tarayyar Soviet. Kokarin warware abokan gaba da kuma buga fitar da rundunarsa tare da da tsakanin Sin da Tarayyar Soviet tankuna kasa, haka ma, kasar Sin ya dauki wani padded T-62, wanda ya kasance wani m juna. Saboda haka, a cikin shakka tafi m bawo daga shuka "Grad", wanda ya hallaka abokan gaba da kuma ta haka ne don kawo karshen rikici.

A cikin shekaru 1975-1976. yaki da abin hawa da aka yi amfani da Angola. Ayyuka yanayi a cikin wannan rikici ba a lokaci-lokaci daura ta faɗa tsakanin ginshikan kai zuwa. Saboda haka wannan siffa daga cikin "Castle" a gaskiyar cewa a karo site na dako kafa "matattu ellipse", don haka a shafi na sojojin, wanda shi ne wani Extended line up a cikin yãƙi a Angola ya zama wani manufa manufa.

A Afghanistan, mu aka harbi daga "Castle" kai tsaye wuta. A Chechnya yaki ne kuma na rayayye yi amfani da soja motocin.

"Grad" na lokacin mu - shi ne game da 2500 raka'a, da makamai da sojojin na Rasha Federation. Fama motocin da aka fitar dashi to asashe 70 tun shekarar 1970. Mun bai je kada a gane BM-21 a amfani da makamai rikice-rikice a duniya: a Nagorno-Karabakh, ta Kudu Ossetia, Somalia, Syria, Libya da kuma kwanan nan farko na 'yan adawa a gabashin Ukraine.

Dabara da kuma fasaha halaye na shigarwa "Grad"

Damar da sigogi da tsarin da aka bã ga BM-21.

• Shasi - Ural-375.
• Engine Power - 180 l. wani.
• Girma, m:
  - nisa - 2.4.
  - Length - 7,35;
  - matsakaicin tsawo - 4,35.
• Weight, ton:
  - tare da bawo - 13.7.
  - uncharged BM - 10.9.
• A iyakar gudu daga motsi, km / h - 75.
• Harsasai, guda. - 120 roka.
• Zamo mm - 122.
• Rauni yankin, ha:
  - dabaru 1,75;
  - manpower 2,44.
• A tsawon na jagora, m - 3.
• Yawan kara shiryar, to, inji mai kwakwalwa. - 40.
• Cikakken Salvo lokaci, tare da - 20.
• Da harbe-harben range, m:
  - matsakaicin - 20 380;
  - m - 5000.
• saitin lokaci a harbe-harben matsayi, min. - 3.5.

Yau MLRS samar da JSC "MZ". Base tsaye mota "Ural-4320". A sabon samfurori gabatar m topographic wuri, nuna a kan wani lantarki taswirar saitin wuri, da ikon shiga data cikin fis.

Ina so in yi imani da fatan cewa shigarwa na "Grad" (halaye, tsari da yanayin da aiki) da ya wajaba da kuma ban sha'awa to ƙaramin tsara a matsayin misali domin gudanar da bincike, amma ba don ya hallaka birane da kuma al'adar mutanen!