Kalmyks: addini, hadisai da kuma tarihi na mutane

Ba haka sau da yawa a kasashen Turai, akwai mutanen da suke magana da Mongolian harshe. Kuma kusan dukkan su zauna a cikin Jamhuriyar Kalmykia. Kalmyk mutane zo ƙasar da zarar ya kira da Polovtsian steppe. Bayan da isowa a cikin 17th karni, wannan yanki ya zama sananne a matsayin Kalmyk steppe. Yau, shi ne Jamhuriyar Kalmykia. A map nuna ta exact location.

labarin

M mutane - Kalmyks. A tarihin mutanen da aka kafe a baya. Ya fara da Asia. Kalmyks - mazauni ne na West Mongolian kabilan kira Oirats. Su, bi da bi, ya shiga cikin babban Mongol Empire halitta da Genghis Khan. Da ya gudanar ya gama kusan dukan al'umman da suke zaune a wannan lokaci a kan ƙasa na Asiya ta tsakiya.

Oirats goyon Genghis Khan a nasarar zuwa Rasha, da Caucasus, China, Asia da kuma Korea. A lokaci guda, da kuma aka halitta da wani rukuni na soja raka'a, wanda aka wuce da gādo aikinsu. A tsawon lokaci, wadannan raka'a sun zama kabilu da cewa har yanzu wanzu. Yau, da suka iya ba da irin wannan muhimmanci, da zaran mafi hade da nasarar. Alal misali, akwai wani rukuni Torgouts. Don haka ya kira mutanen da suke mãsu tsarẽwa ga Mongol khans. hosheutov kungiyar kunshi wadanda suka yi aiki a gaban dakarun, Derbets - shi ne sojan doki Army.

A Mongol Empire da aka babbar. Domestic wahala da kullum a nan. A tsawon lokaci, sũ, sun ɓatar to ta tsaga. Oirat khans ƙi yin biyayya da babban Mongol sarki.

A tushe na addini da Kalmyks

Har da 17th karni da Kalmyks aikata shamanism. Amma aiki da mishaneri daga jihar Tibet ya gudummawar da cewa mafi yawan daga cikin Kalmyks su rungumi addinin Buddha. Amma shi bai taimake su kula da mutuncin Mongolian mutane. Internecine wars ci gaba. Duk da haka, addinin Buddha, Lamaism yadada a kan ƙasa na zamani Jamhuriyar Kalmykia.

Kalmyk Khanate wani bangare ne na Rasha har 1771. A farkon matakai na ta zama, da Rasha Shugabanni ba su hašawa musamman muhimmancin da ciki na'urar. Addini Kalmyks da su 'yancin zabi, da kuma jihar ba ya tsoma baki a cikin al'adunsu. Amma a kan lokaci, da shugabanni na Rasha ya fara daukar matakan da karfafa waɗanda suka riƙi Orthodoxy. Kalmyks suka yi halartar da yanka na baftisma, da aka yarda su tafi zuwa wasu garuruwa da kauyuka Rasha.

A karshen da 18th karni da Rasha jihar ya karu kutse a cikin ciki rai na Kalmyk Khanate hankali iyakance 'yancin na Kalmyks, kuma a 1771 aka gaba daya shafe ta. A daidai wannan lokaci da gwamnatin Rasha reorganization Kalmyks iko da aka za'ayi. Hadisai da hakkin daga cikin Kalmyk mutane aka sa gaba daya. Lokacin da Astrakhan lardin aka halicci Kalmyk Fe Harkokin, wanda shi ne damuwa tare da manajan ulus. Daga baya, a 1847, da rabo daga cikin Kalmyk mutane dogara a kan ma'aikatar harkokin Property.

Kalmyks. bauta

Rasha gwamnatin kokarin sa matsa lamba a kan Kalmyk mutane a al'amura na mayar da su zuwa Kristanci. Kafin juyin juya halin cikin Kalmyks zauna Buddhist limaman hakkin, wanda aka dage farawa a 1640. A kan lokaci, da kuma a cikin Orthodox addini sun fara magance Kalmyks. Addini farkon yada hanzari bayan bude da seminary a Astrakhan, Kalmykia tun geographically na daga cikin Astrakhan diocese. Sa'an nan gwamnatin Rasha ta dauki matakai don kafa wata manufa, rãyu Kalmyks Kiristoci. A cikin tsakiyar karni na 19th mishan motsi kai ta apogee. A hauza fara koyar da Kalmyk harshe. A 1871 ta fara ta zama Orthodox mishan kwamitin, aikinsu da makaranta da aka shirya da kuma bude wani tsari inda za su iya rayuwa Kalmyks. Addini bayyananne canza al'adar Kalmyk mutane. Mutane iya samun mai kyau ilimi. A tsawon lokaci, da makaranta ya zama babban mishan makaranta, wanda basu horo malamai da masu wa'azi wanda ake zaton wuce ruhaniya ilimi a Kalmyk ƙauyuka.

Ba sosai rayayye dauki irin wannan juyin juya halin Musulunci sababbin abubuwa Kalmyks. Buddha zauna domin mafiya yawa daga cikin Kalmyk mutane da babban Allah. Kiristanci ya wakilta, yafi zo daga kasar Rasha. Its zurfin hadisai ba su so su canja Kalmyks. Addini kamar yadda ya yi wuya a canza. Mene ne addini Kalmyks? Wannan tambaya ne babu sauki amsar. Akwai daga cikin Kalmyks da Orthodox, da kuma mabiya addinin Buddha, da kuma ko da shamans.

The matsaloli na Kalmyk mutane

Gurguzun zo iko kyau tasiri a kan tarihin Kalmyk yankin. Sai waɗanda suka mayar da hadin kai da kuma statehood Kalmyks koma. 1926 alama farkon Kalmyk cin gashin kanta Oblast, wanda daga baya ya zama sananne a matsayin Kalmyk ASSR. Amma da rayuwar addini na Kalmyks a lokacin sha wahala ƙwarai. Duk wani addini aiki ne tsananin gudu roughshod. Ruhaniya unprecedented matsaloli samu Kalmyks. Addini a tsakiyar 30s da aka gaba daya shafe ta. A 1943, da Kalmyk mutane da aka tura zuwa sassa daban-daban na kasar Rasha. Kuma yankinsu zo zuwa Rasha. Kuma kawai shekaru 10 daga baya da Kalmyks sun sake iya kõmãwa zuwa ga ƙasar. Kalmyk ASSR regained rayuwa. Amma doka ta addini a cikin ƙasa na yarjejeniya da shi ba har sai 80s. Ruhaniya zalunci har yanzu ji Kalmyks. Kirista addini fara raya kawai a shekarar 1984. A farkon wannan ya gano wani Orthodox Ikklesiya a kauyen Priyutnoe. Wannan alama gwamnatin rikon kwarya a Kalmykia a Stavropol diocese. Daga cikin Kalmyk yawan fara bayyana sabon al'ummomi, kamar da Baptists, kuma Pentecostals. A Kalmykia, akwai kuma wani Buddhist al'umma, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1988.

Features na al'adu na Kalmyks

Duk da yawa matsaloli da kuma nomadic hanyar rayuwa, ba don wani lokaci manta su hadisai Kalmyks. Addini da kuma al'adu na mutane sun ko da yaushe aka hade ganuwa thread. Kalmyks ya wuya a maida zuwa bangaskiyar Kirista. Ƙarni-tsohon hadisai yi wa kansu ji. Bayan shekaru masu yawa a wannan duniya aikata shamanism. Ba shi yiwuwa a yaga fitar da zuciya na Kalmyks. A peculiarity na al'adu na wannan alƙarya, kuma a yau aka nuna a cikin Mongolian alƙarya. Kalmyk Modern jama'a ne a hankali rasa ta gargajiya ainihi, amma akwai kwastan cewa an kiyaye har a yau.

gargajiya siffofin

Wuta Kalmyks dauke tsarki rabi. Game da shi ba sau daya ambata a cikin al'ada ayyukan Kalmyk mutane. Deep hadisai, al'adu da kuma al'adu na Kalmyks ƙyale mu mu yi magana da su a matsayin mai zaman kanta kabila.

Wuta ga Kalmyk mutane aka dauke da personification na Sun Allah. Saboda haka, a nan akwai wasu hane-hane, misali, zuwa ƙetare ta cikin wuta, ko ba su damu da shi yana dauke da wani aikin zunubi. An haramta su bice wuta da ruwa. Dole ne ka jira har sai da ya fita. Yarda cika wuta da yashi ko ƙasa.

A bauta wa wuta da aka dauke musamman na al'ada. Kalmyks ko yin wasu rituals zuwa propitiate wuta. Shi ne mai irin hadaya. A daba na wuta - wannan ne na kasa siffa daga cikin Kalmyks. Yana bayyana shi a cikin da yawa na tarihi ayyukansu. Ba tare da wuta hadaya ba zai iya yin wani daya bikin aure ko jana'iza. Kuma a yau za mu iya ganin bikin a wanda firist offers da dabba da wuta da kuma karanta ta musamman da salla. Domin wannan, ya tambaye albarkar da waɗansu abũbuwan bautãwa na kyauta na farin ciki a rayuwar iyali na da 'yarsa.

Jana'iza ayyukan hajji kuma ke da tare da wata wuta hadaya. A rana ta bakwai da arba'in da tara rana bayan jana'izar zumunta na matacce ya yi hadaya da tumaki wuta, ciyar da haka marigayin zumunta. Kalmyks da naciya yi imani da cewa wuta ne wani nau'i ne na wuriyar tsakanin rayuwa duniya da kuma m al'amura.

wuta bauta

Kalmyks da tabbaci yi imani da cewa wuta yana da ikon allahntaka. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa babu wani daga cikin tsarkakewa na al'ada shi ne cikakken ba tare da wuta. Irin wannan ayyukan hajji suna bayyana ko a na gargajiya ayyukansu. Alal misali, a cikin aikin A. Amur-Sanan bayyana wuta yanka kare matafiya a kan hanya. A gobara barke zuba a kan wani dintsi na gishiri. Sa'an nan ya wuce tsakanin biyu gobara dabbõbi, da kuma ga su ne a kan hanya karusa. Yau, da Kalmyks wuta da kuma tsabtace gidajensu, obnosya shi a kusa da gidan daga gabas zuwa yamma. Bayan jana'izar, ya kamata kuma yin tsarkakewa al'ada wuta ta rike hannuwanku a kan shi.

Maguzanci kuma addinin Buddha a cikin al'adun da Kalmyks da tabbaci lauye. Pagan ya ce da wuta, kamar yadda wakilin Sun Allah, ko kuma wajen, a cikin kafirci wannan ne da kanta cikin Sun Allah. Saboda haka, ya kamata hadaya duk kayayyakin da ciwon dumi yanayi. Yana iya zama mai, man shafawa, intoxicating ruwa. Buddhist hadisin wakiltar wuta a matsayin wata alama na hikima. An yi imani da cewa shi za a iya amfani da su don ƙona wani ilmi ba.

A yanayin da Kalmyk mutane

Kalmyks, kazalika da sauran etnonarodnosti yi da kansa musamman hali. Da fari dai, su ne sosai bude. Irin wadannan mutane suna kira extroverts. Abu na biyu, su ne m, kuma m. Kalmyks da kuma wasu muhimmi maximalism. Calmac ko da yaushe ya yi aiki ga manyan ayyuka. Ya za ku vata lokaci da hankali a kan aiwatar da kananan ayyukan. A duniya, da ƙẽtare haddi kuma sikelin - duk wannan da aka nuna a cikin zuciya na Kalmyks.

Kalmyks - quite asali mutane. A duk lokacin da zai yiwu, suka yi jihãdi ya nuna su individualism kuma jawo hankalin kamar yadda da yawa da hankali kamar yadda zai yiwu. A lokaci guda, da Kalmyk mutane tare da girmamawa sosai ga kai girma da sauransu.

Kalmyks ne aiki, mai kuzari da kuma m. Wannan za a iya hukunta ba kawai ta hanyar da ƙungiyoyi da kuma na kasa raye-raye, amma kuma ga maganganunsu. Kalmyks magana m, m, m kuma concisely. Wasu kafofin Kalmyk shi ne idan aka kwatanta da wata na'ura-gun kari.

Kusan duk Kalmyks - optimists. Su ko da yaushe mayar da hankali a kan m abubuwa a rayuwa, wani mutum karkata zuwa lura kawai tabbatacce halaye. Dukan ayyukan gargajiya jama'a epics yana da matukar kyau ga ãƙiba.

Nomadic al'ummai sun yaushe nemi yin yabo. Son zama shugabanni a wani kasuwanci muhimmi da Kalmyks. Wannan mutane ne alfahari, amma bã su kangara. Addinin Buddha da dama tsarkake sani Kalmyks kamar girman kai ga Buddhist - shi ne mutum ya zamo zunubi.

Tun da addinin Buddha a Kalmykia ne daya daga cikin manyan addinai ƙungiyoyi a kasar gina wani yawa na Buddha.

Haikalin mai girma Nasara (Kalmykia). description

A Oktyabrsky gundumar Kalmykia (kauyen Manyan Tsaryn) ne gida daya daga cikin mafi girma Buddhist al'umma. A nan ne mafi m Yufo a Kalmykia - da haikalin mai girma Nasara. Buddhist addini gine-gine kira khurul. Wannan khurul da aka gina a 2002. Just 2 shekaru da magina gudanar ya yi aikin Sangadzhieva Yu, wanda yana dauke da mafi kyau m na Kalmykia. 11 ga watan Oktoba, 2002 ƙofofin babbar nasara Haikali bude. Khurul aka gina godiya ga abubuwan taimako daga Buddhist al'umma da kanta, mazauna Oktyabrsky gundumar da kuma tallafawa. Shugaban Kalmykia, Ilyumzhinov KN ma kashe su kudi a yi.

A haikali ne na 18-mita ginin. A tsakiyar ɓangare bautar da salla zauren, inda bagaden da aka located. A gaban wani live khurul sufaye. Har ila yau, akwai wani dakin don samun maziyarta Lama. Buddha mutum-mutumi ya bayyana saboda kokarin sculptures Vaskina Korobeynikova B. kuma C. The tsakiyar shigar da dabaran Koyarwar ado da adadi deer sanya Galushkinym Nikolaem.

Har ila yau khurul ne wani mutum-mutumi na Buddha of Medicine da kuma wata babbar tarin littattafai, da kuma tanok.

A Kalmykia da dama Buddha, suna da ban sha'awa ga masu yawon shakatawa.

Elista - cibiyar addinin Buddha al'ada

Elista ne babban birnin kasar na Jamhuriyar Kalmykia. A map nuna wurinta.

Yana da wani sabon abu gari, shi ne ba na son masu rinjaye na Rasha birane. An yi wa ado da Buddha, da kuma m gine-gine na Eastern gine. Mutanen da suke rayuwa a cikin Elista, Outlook da kuma gabas. Eastern al'ada masoya kamata ziyarci Elista. A nan ne mafi majestic Buddha Haikalin, shahara a Turai. Akwai kuma wani addinin Buddha sufi, a fi so wuri na Dalai Lama a lokacin da ya kai ziyara Kalmykia. A Elista, akwai wani ban mamaki janye - Golden Gate, wanda ke cika duk sha'awa. Elista - wuce yarda da picturesque gari. Kalmyks - mai haske mutane. Ga shi za a iya ji a full. Beautiful kayayyaki, dancing - duk wannan ya bambanta da Kalmyks daga sauran kasashen Asiya da kuma Mongolian kasashe. Elista shahara ba kawai ga addinin Buddha gine-gine. Akwai kuma jan hankali kishin dara.

Gaskiyar cewa dara ga Kalmyks suna dauke da manyan sha'awa. Ga aka kai a kai da aka gudanar ta duniya dara Championship.

Haikalin "Golden mazaunin Buddha"

Wannan khurul dauki daya daga cikin mafi girma ba kawai a cikin Jamhuriyar Kalmykia, amma kuma a Turai. Haikali daukan girman kai na wurin, a tsakiyar Elista (Yuriya Klykova Street).

Khurul tsawo na 56 mita. Ciki shi tsaye wata babbar mutum-mutumi na Buddha (12 mita).

Da haikalin da aka dauke su main janye Elista. Wannan ba kawai mai kyau da kuma majestic ginin. Wannan shi ne wurin yin ibada da bauta na Allahntaka. Da haikalin da aka kewaye da wani m shinge tare da kewaye 108 stupas located. Shigar da haikalin, za ka iya, ta hanyar Kudu Gate. Akwai uku entrances. Kowace daya ne a wani bangare na duniya. The gine na cikin Haikali kama wata babbar mandala. Gabatowa da ginin, za ka iya ganin goma sha bakwai pagodas, wanda tashi da mutummutumai da babban Buddha sufaye da kuma malamai.

Khurul a 7 matakan. A farkon matakin akwai wani gidan kayan gargajiya, a zauren taro kuma a library. A na biyu matakin akwai wani mutum-mutumi na Buddha Shakyamuni da salla zauren. The mutum-mutumi da kanta hidima a matsayin mangaza ga kayan ado, da kayan yaji, duniya, tsirarrai, kuma ciyawa. Duk wadannan da mabiya addinin Buddha la'akari alfarma abubuwa. Rufe ga mutum-mutumi ne zinariya leaf da lu'ulu'u. The uku matakin ne ga mutum liyafar da baƙi. A nan ne da dakuna na sufaye, Tibet magani da likitoci, da masu dabo, da Haikalin gwamnati. A karo na hudu matakin ne a kananan dakin taro. Ga za ka iya samun kai na mabiya addinin Buddha Telo Rinpoche Tuluk. A karo na biyar matakin na zama daukan Tenzin Gyatso (Tsarki da Dalai Lama XIV). The shida matakin zauna gabatarwa kasuwanci dalilai. A cikin bakwai matakin zai iya kawai tashi malaman da za a nutsa cikin zurfin tunani.