Wannan ne rawa da kuma aiki da sunadarai a cikin cell. Mene ne aikin da sunadarai a cikin cell yi?

Protein - shi ne mafi muhimmanci kwayoyin kayan, da yawan wanda Marinjãyi a kan duk wasu macromolecules, waxanda suke da ba a rayayyan tantanin halitta. Sun yi har fiye da rabin nauyin bushe al'amarin duka biyu shuka da dabbobi kwayoyin. The ayyuka na daban-daban sunadarai a cikin cell, wasu daga wanda har yanzu ba a sani ba zuwa kimiyya. Duk da haka, babban kwatance na "aikin" da kyau gane. Wasu bukatar karfafa matakai a Kwayoyin da kyallen takarda. Sauran muhimmanci ma'adinai fili da aka canjawa wuri ta cikin jikin tantanin da jini daga daya sashin jiki zuwa wani. Wasu kare jiki da waje pathogens sau da yawa. Abu daya ne bayyananne - ba tare da gina jiki ba ya faru ba tsari a jikin mu.

Babban ayyuka na sunadaran

The aiki na sunadarai a cikin jiki da bambancin. Kowace kungiya yana da wani takamaiman sinadaran tsarin, aikin mai na musamman "aikin". A wasu lokuta, da dama iri sunadaran hade da juna. Su ke da alhakin matakai daban-daban na wannan tsari. Ko shafi kawai 'yan. Alal misali, kullum aikin sunadaran da aka Madĩna da enzymes da kuma ji ba gani. Wannan sabon abu za a iya wakilta, tunawa da hormone adrenaline. Ya samar da tunani Layer na adrenal gland. A ci gaba a cikin jini, shi qara adadin oxygen a cikin jini. Yakan kuma jini qara sugar content. Yana stimulates metabolism. Har ila yau, adrenaline ne neurotransmitter na juyayi tsarin kifi, halittar dabba mai kafafuwa da dabbobi masu rarrafe.

A enzymatic aiki

Wurare da dama da ke faruwa a sel rayayyun kwayoyin halitta biochemical halayen suna da za'ayi a high yanayin zafi da kuma tsaka tsaki PH. A irin wannan yanayi, da kudi na nassi ne ma kananan, don haka dole na musamman catalysts sani enzymes. Duk da bambancin hade cikin 6 azuzuwan, abin da ya bambanta a cikin bayani dalla-dalla na mataki. Enzymes aka hada a kan ribosomes a cikin sel. Karatunsu da hannu kimiyya enzymology.

Lalle, ba tare da enzymes ba zai iya aiki kullum sunadaran. Bã su da wani babban selectivity na mataki. Su aiki za a iya kayyade activators da hanawa. Bugu da kari, enzymes kullum nuna bayani dalla-dalla game da substrates. Har ila yau enzymatic aiki ya dogara da yanayi a cikin jiki da kuma musamman a cikin kwayoyin jikinsu. Su kwarara sakamako matsa lamba acidic PH, zazzabi, ionic ƙarfi daga cikin bayani, Ina nufin maida hankali salts a cikin cytoplasm.

Transport aiki sunadaran

A cikin keji ya kamata ko da yaushe aikata jiki yana bukatar ma'adanai da kwayoyin halitta. Suna bukatar a matsayin kayan gini da kuma kafofin samar da makamashi a Kwayoyin. Amma ginshikai na da isowa shi ne quite rikitarwa. Salula membranes kunshi ba kawai sunadarai. Halittu membranes an gina bisa ga ka'ida na biyu Layer na lipids. Tsakanin su da daban-daban sunadarai na saka. Yana da muhimmanci sosai cewa hydrophilic yankuna suna located a farfajiya na membrane, kuma hydrophobic - a ta shafi. Saboda haka, irin wannan tsarin da ke sa impermeable harsashi. Ta hanyar shi iya ba a kan nasu, ba tare da "taimako" a wuce da irin wannan muhimmanci da aka gyara, kamar sugars, amino acid da kuma ions METOLIT. Fadin cytoplasmic membrane cikin cytoplasm, suna hawa na musamman da sunadarai, wanda aka saka a cikin lipid yadudduka.

Kai na abubuwa daga daya sashin jiki da sauran

Amma da kai aiki da sunadarai ne da za'ayi ba kawai tsakanin intercellular abu da kuma cell. Wasu muhimmanci physiological matakai dole ya sadar da abu daga wani sashin jiki zuwa wani. Alal misali, sufuri da na jini gina jiki - magani albumin. An baiwa da musamman ikon samar da fili da m acid, wanda ya bayyana a cikin narkewa na kitse, da kwayoyi, kazalika da steroid ji ba gani. Muhimmanci m sunadarai ne haemoglobin kuma (haihuwa oxygen kwayoyin) transferrin (a haɗa da baƙin ƙarfe ions) da kuma tseruplazmin (kafa gidaje tare da jan).

Sigina aiki sunadaran

Na bayar da muhimmanci a cikin shakka daga physiological matakai a hadaddun kwayoyin kwayar da tsoka mai amsa sigina sunadaran. Suna saka wa jini membrane. Kuma sunã bautã wa for ji da kuma bidiyon dikodi iri daban-daban sakonni wadda ta zo a ci gaba da rafi Kwayoyin ba kawai daga m kyallen takarda, amma kuma daga waje muhalli. A halin yanzu, watakila mafi karatu tsoka mai amsa sigina gina jiki ne acetylcholine. An located in wani yawan interneuron lambobi a jikin tantanin.

Amma ƙararrawa aiki sunadarai ne da za'ayi ba kawai a cikin sel. Mutane da yawa hormones kisa ga takamaiman rabe a kan su surface. Irin wannan tsari dangane da wata alama da activates da physiological matakai a Kwayoyin. An misali na irin wannan sunadarai ne insulin, mukaddashin a adenylate cyclase tsarin.

m aiki

The ayyuka na sunadarai a wani cell ne daban-daban. Wasu daga cikinsu suna da hannu a cikin rigakafi martani. Yana kare jiki daga kamuwa da cutar. Na rigakafi da tsarin zai iya amsa su waje jamiái gano da kira na a sararin yawan lymphocytes. Wadannan abubuwa ne iya selectively tareda žata wadannan jamiái, su zama waje da kwayoyin, kamar kwayoyin cuta, supramolecular barbashi, ko kuma zai iya zama ciwon daji Kwayoyin.

Daya daga cikin kungiyoyin - "beta" lymphocytes - samar da sunadaran da cewa shigar da jini rafi. Bã su da wani da ban sha'awa sosai fasalin. Wadannan sunadarai kamata gane waje Kwayoyin da macromolecules. Sa'an nan suka shiga gare su, kafa wani hadadden cewa shi ne ya halaka. Wadannan sunadarai kira immunoglobulins. Sami dan hanya aka gyara - shi antigens. A immunoglobulins, wanda dace su - antibodies.

tsarin aiki

A cikin jiki, ban da sosai na musamman, akwai kuma tsarin sunadarai. Su zama dole don tabbatar da inji ƙarfi. Wadannan ayyuka na sunadarai a wani cell suke da muhimmanci a ci gaba a cikin siffar da kuma adana yaro jiki. Mafi shahara shi ne collagen. Wannan shi ne babban gina jiki na extracellular matrix na connective nama. A mafi girma dabbobi masu shayarwa, shi ne har zuwa 1/4 daga cikin jimlar nauyin sunadaran. Hada collagen a fibroblasts, wanda su ne main sel connective nama.

Irin ayyuka na sunadarai a wani cell ne na bayar da muhimmanci. Bugu da kari ga collagen, da aka sani da wani tsarin gina jiki - Elastin. Shi ne kuma wani bangaren na extracellular matrix. Elastin ne iya ba da da yiwuwar nama mikewa a cikin wasu iyaka da kuma sauƙi koma zuwa ainihin siffar. Wani misali da wani tsarin gina jiki - fibroin, wanda aka samu a cikin silkworm larvae. Wannan shi ne babban bangaren da siliki thread.

motor gina jiki

Rawar da sunadarai a cikin cell ba za a iya overemphasized. Sun kuma dauki bangare a cikin aikin na tsokoki. Tsoka ƙanƙancewa ne mai muhimmanci physiological tsari. A sakamakon haka, da na yi hira da adana kamar yadda ATP macromolecules cikin sinadaran makamashi. Kai tsaye da hannu a cikin tsari ne biyu da sunadarai - actin da myosin.

Wadannan mota gina jiki ne threadlike kwayoyin da cewa aiki a cikin contractile kwarangwal tsoka tsarin. Suna kuma samu a cikin wadanda ba tsoka kyallen takarda a eukaryotic Kwayoyin. Wani misali na mota da sunadarai - tubulin. Daga shi gina microtubules, waxanda suke da wani muhimmin kashi na flagella da cilia. Har ila yau microtubules dauke da tubulin gano a cikin sel na cikin juyayi tsokoki na dabbobi.

maganin rigakafi

Babbar m rawar da sunadarai a cikin cell. Sashe na daga shi sa a cikin kungiyar, da ake kira maganin rigakafi. Wadannan su ne abubuwa na halitta asalin, wanda ake hada, yawanci kwayoyin cuta, microscopic fungi, da kuma wasu kwayoyin. Suna nufin suppressing da physiological tafiyar matakai na sauran gasar kwayoyin. A gano maganin rigakafi gina jiki asalin sun kasance a cikin 40s. Su suka kawo canji, magani, ba shi da wani iko da samar da kuzari ga ci gaba.

By su sinadaran halitta, maganin rigakafi - wani sosai bambancin kungiyar. Suka sãɓã wa jũna a cikin tsarin ba da aikin. Wasu tsoma baki tare da gina jiki kira a cikin Kwayoyin, da karshen block samar da muhimmanci enzymes, hana ci gaban na uku, na hudu - haifuwa. Alal misali, da kyau a san streptomycin hulɗa tare da ribosomes da kwayan Kwayoyin. Saboda haka, da suka cika fuska slows saukar da kira na sunadaran. A data maganin rigakafi ba hulɗa tare da eukaryotic ribosomes jikin mutum. Wannan yana nufin cewa wadannan abubuwa ba mai guba zuwa mafi girma dabbobi masu shayarwa.

Wannan ba dukan ayyukan da sunadarai a cell. Table of kwayoyin abubuwa domin sanin, da kuma sauran sosai na musamman ayyuka da cewa wadannan takamaiman halitta mahadi iya exert a kan kwayoyin cuta da kuma ba kawai. A halin yanzu underway karatu kwayoyin gina jiki asalin, wanda a hulda da DNA karya da matakai hade tare da aiwatar da kwayoyin bayanai. Amma dai wannan abubuwa suna kawai a yi amfani da jiyyar cutar sankara da ciwon daji. Wani misali na irin wannan kwayoyin abu ne dactinomycin hada actinomycetes.

gubobi

Sunadaran a cikin cell yi da aiki na wani sosai musamman da kuma ko da eccentricity. A yawan live kwayoyin samar da poisons - gubobi. By su yanayi, suna sunadaran da hadaddun kwayoyin low nauyi kwayoyin fili. A matsayin misali, mai guba naman kaza ɓangaren litattafan almara mutuwa kofin.

Kayayyakin da edible sunadaran

Wasu sunadarai aiki a matsayin abinci tãyuna dabbobi da shuke-shuke. Akwai misalai masu yawa. Tamanin da furotin a cikin cell hatsi tsaba a kewaye a cikin shi. Za su ciyad da jam na shuke-shuke kunno kai a farkon matakai na ta ci gaba. A dabba abinci sunadarai ne kwai albumin da kuma madara casein.

Unstudied gina jiki Properties

The sama misalai - kawai bangaren da cewa, an riga an yi karatu isa. Amma a cikin yanayi har yanzu akwai da yawa asirai. A sunadarai a cikin sel yawa jinsin su ne na musamman, da kuma yanzu ma wuya a rarraba su. Alal misali, monellin - mai gina jiki samu da ya zama ruwan dare daga Afirka shuke-shuke. Shi dandani zaki, amma shi ba ya haifar da kiba da kuma wadanda ba mai guba. A nan gaba, shi zai iya zama mai kyau canza zuwa sukari. Wani misali - mai gina jiki samu a wasu Arctic kifi, shi ya hana daskarewa da jini, mukaddashin matsayin maganin daskarewa a zahiri hankali na kwatanta. A yawan kwari fuka-fuki resilin gina jiki mahadi gano tare da wani na musamman, kusan cikakkiyar elasticity. Kuma ba duka misalai na abubuwa da za su kawai nazari da kuma rarraba.