Voloshin, Maximilian Alexandrovich: biography, m gado, na sirri rayuwa

Voloshin Maksimilian (shekaru na rayuwa - 1877 - 1932) - mawãƙi, artist, art tarihi, da wallafe-wallafen sukar lamiri. Voloshin - a pseudonym. Ya real name - Kirienko-Voloshin.

Yara, dalibi shekaru

A nan gaba mawãƙi aka haife shi a Kiev a 1877, 16 (28) na Mayu. Ya uba kakanninmu masu Zaporozhye Cossacks. By uwar a cikin iyali sun Jamus, Russified a cikin 17th karni. Maximilian rasa mahaifinsa shekaru 3. A Moscow, ya ciyar da yara da kuma samartaka na mawãƙi ne. Uwarsa a 1893, ya samu a Feodosiya dake kusa Koktebel ƙasar. A nan, a 1897, Voloshin Maksimilian sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare. Ya shiga Moscow University (Faculty - Law). Maximilian a matsayin dalibi na da hannu a cikin gwagwarmaya. Ya na da hannu a watan Fabrairu 1900, da All-Russian dalibi yajin. A sakamakon wannan, kazalika da da hali to agitation da kuma "korau view na duniya," Voloshin Maximilian aka dakatar daga makaranta.

fara tafiya

Domin kauce wa da mafi mũnin sakamakon, sai ya tafi da shiri na Railway a cikin kaka na shekarar 1900. Voloshin wannan lokaci, daga baya ake kira da "hukunci lokacin" da m ya nan gaba rai na ruhaniya. A kan yi, ya ji tsufa, East Asia, a kan al'adar Turai.

Duk da haka, shi ne rayayye familiarizing Maximilian ga nasarorin da kasashen yammacin Turai ilimi da kuma m al'adu na farko tafiya da shi ya zama mai muhimmanci manufar mawãƙi ne. Ya kasance a cikin shekaru 1899-1900 a Italiya, Faransa, Girka, Switzerland, Jamus, Austria-Hungary. Musamman Maximilian janyo hankalin Paris. Wannan shi ne inda ya ga tsakiyar Turai, ya kuma inganta a duniya a rai na ruhaniya. Maximilian Alexandrovich koma daga Asia domin tsoron kara tsananta, ya yanke shawarar da ya tafi zuwa ga West.

Rayuwa a Paris, kara tafiya, "mawãƙi gidan" a Koktebel

A Paris, Voloshin Maksimilian (ya photo gabatar a wannan labarin) ziyarci sau da yawa a lokacin daga 1901 zuwa 1916, na ya rayu a nan. A tsakanin, da mawãƙi sanya tafiya "zuwa tsohon Rum duniya." Bugu da kari, ya ziyarci masu zuwa a duka Rasha manya. Voloshin a lokacin rayu a cikin "mawãƙi gidan" a Koktebel, wanda ya juya a cikin wani irin cibiyar al'adu, wani wurin natsuwa, kuma tsari da wallafe-wallafen Elite. G. Shengeli, fassara da mawãƙi, ya kira shi "da Cimmerian Athens". A lokuta daban-daban a cikin wannan gidan ziyarci da Andrei Bely, Vyacheslav Bruce, Alexei Tolstoy, Maxim Gorky, Nikolay Gumilev, Osip Mandelstam, Marina Tsvetaeva, Khodasevich, E. Zamyatin, Sun. Ivanov, Chukovsky, Mikhail Bulgakov da yawa wasu marubuta, artists da kuma masana kimiyya.

Voloshin - a wallafe-wallafen sukar lamiri

Kamar yadda wani da wallafe-wallafen zargi Voloshin Maksimilian sanya ya halarta a karon a 1899. A cikin mujallar "Rasha ra'ayin" zo ya dan review ba tare da wani sa hannu. A May 1900 dogon kasida mai taken "A tsaron na Hauptmann" da aka buga a cikin wannan mujallar. Yana da aka sanya hannu "Max. Voloshin." Wannan labarin ya kasance daya daga cikin na farko a Rasha manifestos na modernist ilmi. Bayan da suka zo da sauran articles. Total Voloshin rubuta su 36 - a kan Rasha adabi, 35 - a kan Faransa da kuma Rasha wasan kwaikwayo, 28 - game Faransa adabi, kazalika da 49 articles game da abubuwan da suka faru na Faransa al'adu rai. Suka soma da kuma sanar da m ka'idodinta zamani. Voloshin sabon wallafe-wallafen sabon abu na kasar mu (musamman da ake kira m ƙaramin Symbolists) ya gabatar a cikin mahallin na zamani al'adar Turai.

Voloshin, Maximilian Alexandrovich, wanda biography mu da damuwa, ya kuma wallafe-wallafen da wakili, mai ba da shawara, dan kasuwa, cẽto, kuma bugu gwani "Baƙin ciki", "Scorpio" da kuma Sabashnikovyh 'yan'uwa. Ya ilimi manufa ya koma ga addinin Buddha, da sihirinka, Katolika, theosophy, kungiyar asiri zata, Freemasonry. Duk wannan ya dauki Maximilian a cikin aikinsa ta cikin ruwan tabarau na art. A takaice, ya nuna godiya "da pathos tunani" da kuma "shayari ra'ayoyi", don haka ya articles kasance kamar kasidu, kuma waqe - a kan takarda (da shi ya ce Ehrenburg, wanda ya sadaukar da muqala da aka buga a 1923 da littafin "Hotuna na zamani da kasida") .

The ayoyin farko

A farko, ba da yawa waqe rubuta Voloshin, Maximilian Alexandrovich, wani mawãƙi ba ne. Kusan dukkan su sun sa a cikin littafin, wanda ya bayyana a cikin 1910 ( "Poems. 1900-1910"). Hand "mai yin kayan ado", "gaskiya master" gan shi Bryusov. Voloshin tunani malamansu virtuoso poetic robobi zh. M. Eredia, Gauthier et al. Poets "Parnassian" daga Faransa. Ayyukansu sun kasance a verlenovskim counterweight zuwa "music" shugabanci. Wannan halayyar kerawa Voloshin za a iya dangana ga farko da tarin, kazalika da na biyu, wanda aka kõma sama da Maximilian a farkon 1920s, kuma ba a buga. Yana da aka kira "Selva oscura". Yana hada waka halitta, a cikin tsawon daga 1910 zuwa shekara ta 1914. Mafi yawansu ba su zo a baya a cikin littafin zaba, wanda ya bayyana a cikin 1916 ( "ivernit").

Wayarwa a kan Verhaeren

Yana iya zama dogon magana game da halittar wannan wani mawãƙi kamar yadda Voloshin, Maximilian Alexandrovich. Biography takaita a cikin wannan labarin ya ƙunshi kawai na asali abubuwa game da shi. Ya kamata a lura da cewa a fili siyasa fuskantarwa da mawãƙi zama tun farkon 1st yakin duniya, E. Verhaeren. Brusov fassarorin da ya mayar a cikin 1907 labarin "Emile Verhaeren da Valeriy Bryusov" Maximilian an hõre yankunan da zargi. Voloshin kansa ya fassara Verhaeren "daga daban-daban wuraren view" da kuma "a daban-daban sau." Halayen zuwa gare shi, ya takaita a cikin littafinsa, a 1919, "Verhaeren. Fate. Creativity. Fassarori."

Voloshin, Maximilian Alexandrovich - Rasha mawãƙi da suka rubuta waqoqi game da yaki. Kunshe a cikin tarin a 1916 "shekara mundi ardentis", su ne daidai a tune verhanovskoy poetics. Su sarrafa hotunan da kuma dabaru na poetic rhetoric, wanda ya zama barga fasalin dukan shayari Maximilian neman sauyi sau, yakin basasa da kuma m shekaru. Part waqe-waqe da aka rubuta a wannan lokaci, da aka buga a 1919 da littafin "Aljanu kurãme", da sauran kashi da aka buga a shekarar 1923 a Berlin karkashin lakabi "Poems ta'addanci." Duk da haka, mafi yawan wadannan ayyuka zauna a cikin rubutun.

Official tsananta

A shekarar 1923 ya fara hounding Voloshin daga jihar. Sunansa da aka manta. A Tarayyar Soviet a lokacin daga 1928 zuwa 1961, guda line na mawãƙi ba ya bayyana a buga. Lokacin da Ehrenburg a 1961, cikin ladabi ake magana a memoirs game Voloshin, shi nan da nan jawo wani tsautawa A. Dymshitz, wanda ya nuna gaskiyar cewa Maximilian ya decadent na qananan kuma ya mayar da martani a wuyan wa juyin juya hali.

Koma ga Crimea, kokarin karya a cikin Buga

A cikin bazara na 1917, Voloshin koma ga Crimea. A tarihin kansa a shekarar 1925, ya rubuta cewa ya daina barin shi, kuma ba za su yi hijira daga kome tsere. Tun da farko, ya ce wannan ba ya bayyana a kan wani husũma, amma zaune kawai Rasha da kuma yi, a cikinta; kuma ya rubuta cewa ya bukatar zauna a Rasha har zuwa karshen. Voloshin House, dake a Koktebel, ya kasance a hospice a lokacin yakin basasa. Ga su sami mafaka da kuma boye daga zalunci da fari jami'an, da kuma shugabannin ja. Wannan Maximilian ya rubuta a cikin 1926 waka "The gidan na mawãƙi ne." "Red Jagoran" ya Bela Kun. Bayan Wrangel aka ci, ya ta da tsari yunwa da tsõro gudu da pacification na Crimea. A fili, a kan sakamako ga baiwa Kuhn a lokacin Soviet zamanin Voloshin gidan da aka kiyaye su, kazalika da zumunta aminci bayar. Duk da haka, ba ya abin yabo kuma kula V. Veresaeva, m a lokacin, kuma ba irin na tuba da ƙanƙan da roko don L. Kamenev, duka-iko ideologue (a 1924) bai taimaka Maximilian hutu cikin print.

Biyu kwatance Voloshin tunani

Voloshin rubuta cewa ayar domin ita ce kawai hanyar bayyana tunani. Kuma suka garzaya da shi a biyu kwatance. Farko - historiosophical (da rabo daga Rasha, da ayyukan da ya dauki shi sau da yawa conventionally addini canza launi). Na biyu - anti-tarihi. Yana iya a lura sake zagayowar "Hanyoyi Kayinu", wanda a nuna da ra'ayoyi na duniya anarchism. A mawãƙi rubuta cewa a cikin wadannan ayyuka, shi ya haifar da kusan duk da zamantakewa ideas, wanda sun kasance mafi yawa korau. Ya kamata a lura da janar m sautin wannan sake zagayowar.

Gane da shari'ã, samfurin

Incoherence tunani, halayyar Voloshin, ya jagoranci sau da yawa zuwa da cewa ya halittun da aka sani wani lokacin a matsayin grandiloquent melodeclamation ( "Preosuschestvlenie", "Mai Tsarki Rasha", "Kitezh", "The Time na Mala'iku," "The Wild Field"), aestheticized punditry ( "Cosmos "" Leviathan "," Tanob "da kuma wasu sauran ayyukan" Hanyoyi Kayinu "), izuwa stylization (" Dmetrius-sarkin sarakuna "," Archpriest Habakkuk, "" Saint Serafim, "" Legend of Inoke Epiphany "). Duk da haka, za a iya ce da cewa da yawa daga cikin waqoqi na neman sauyi lokacin da aka gane a matsayin wani m kuma daidai poetic shaida (misali, typological hotuna "Bourgeois", "speculator", "The Red" et al., Lyrical shella "a kasa jahannama" da "shiri "rhetorical fitacciyar" arewa "da kuma sauran ayyuka).

Articles game art da kuma zanen darasi

Bayan da juyin juya halin, aiki a matsayin art zargi tsaya. Duk da haka, Maximilian ya iya buga 34 articles a kan Rasha zane-zane, kazalika da 37 articles a kan Faransa art. Da farko monographic aikin kishin Surikov, rike da darajar. A littafin "The Ruhu na Gothic" da aka bar ba a kare ba. Sama da shi Maximilian yi aiki a 1912 da kuma 1913.

Voloshin dauki up zanen domin yin hukunci da masu sana'a game da na gani zane-zane. Kamar yadda ya juya waje, shi ya kasance wani hazaka artist. Crimean watercolor shimfidar wurare, hukuncin kisa tare da poetic inscriptions, ya zama ya fi so salo. A 1932 (11 ga watan Agusta) a Koktebel mutu Maximilian Voloshin. Brief biography shi za a iya supplemented da bayanai game da sirri rai, ban sha'awa facts daga abin da muka gabatar a kasa.

Ban sha'awa facts daga zaman rayuwar Voloshin

Duel Voloshin da Nikolaya Gumileva da aka gudanar a kan Black River, wanda inda Pushkin harbe Dantes. Haka ya faru a '72, kuma daga baya ma ga mata. Duk da haka, rabo ya kiyaye sa'an nan biyu shahara kasida, abin da suka Gumilev Nikolay Stepanovich da Voloshin, Maximilian Alexandrovich. A mawãƙi, wanda photo da aka nuna a kasa, - Nikolai Gumilyov.

Sun harba saboda Lizy Dmitrievoy. Ta halarci wani shakka staroispanskoy da Old Faransa adabi a Sorbonne. A farko daga cikin yarinya kãmamme Gumilyov. Ya kawo ta ziyarci Voloshin a Koktebel. Ya rantsuwa da halakarwar da yarinyar. Nikolay Gumilyov bar kamar yadda ya ji superfluous. Duk da haka, wannan labarin da aka ci gaba bayan wani lokaci, kuma ƙarshe ya jagoranci wani duel. A kotu yanke masa hukumcin a makon ta kama Gumilev da Voloshin - to wata rana.

A farko da matar Maksimiliana Voloshina - Margarita Sabashnikova. Tare da shi, ya halarci laccoci a Sorbonne. The aure, duk da haka, nan da nan suka sãɓa - ta fadi cikin soyayya da Vyacheslav Ivanov. Matarsa da shawarar Sabashnikova rayuwa uku. Duk da haka, da iyali na "sabon irin" bai yi aiki ba. Matarsa ta biyu mai nas Maria Stepanova (hoton sama), kula da tsofaffi uwar Maximilian.