"Farewell, marsa wanki Rasha ..." Lermontov, "Farewell, marsa wanki Rasha": da tarihi na halitta, da waka analysis

The waka "Farewell, marsa wanki Rasha ..." Lermontov rubuta a bara na rayuwarsa prematurely katse. A lokaci guda yaxu wallafe-wallafen iyawa. Wadannan sauki takwas Lines ne wuya mafi recognizable nassi a tsakãnin mawadãta wallafe-wallafen al'adunmu na mawãƙi ne. Kuma shi ba ko da a wasu musamman gabar kyakkyawa ko kammala syllable waka. Just wadannan ayoyi biyu na shekarun da suka gabata a kunshe a cikin makaranta manhaja da kuma haddace kowane sabon ƙarni na dalibai da zuciya.

Abin da mawãƙi ya so ya ce wannan octave? Wane yanayi ya kai shi ga rubuta waka "Farewell, marsa wanki Rasha ..."? Yaya zurfin ma'anar ɓõye, a cikin, a duban farko, sauki Lines?

tarihi baya

Kusan ba zai yiwu ba ga fahimci wani aiki ba, a lokacin da riƙi fita daga mahallin na tarihi baya. A musamman, wannan sirri ta shafi shayari. Bayan duk, da samfurin na volumetric irin labari ko labarin damar zana wannan guda bango, wanda rinjayar mu ji da kuma gajeren aya sau da yawa hidima a matsayin irin bayyanuwar da motsin zuciyarmu sa da suke kewaye da yanayi, da kuma bukatar a bayyana.

The waka "Farewell, marsa wanki Rasha ..." (Lermontov), wanda za a bincikar, Dates baya ga 1841. A wannan lokaci, mikewa don rabin karni, da Caucasus yaki ya a cike lilo. Rasha ya nemi a ci gaba da mamaye yankunan da dutsen, kuma da tabbatarwa da iyaka, da kuma 'yancin-m tuddai kowane kokarin kula da su' yanci.

Duk da yake fassarawa soja ko jami'in aiki a cikin Caucasus shi ne wani ɓangare synonymous tare da links to da tikitin a daya shugabanci. Musamman idan bayan wani mutum ya bi ya dace domin, abinda ya karfafa yin amfani da sama jarumi a cikin mafi zafi da maki fadace-fadace.

da marubuci ta hali

By 1841, Mihailu Yurevichu Lermontovu riga ya juya shekaru 26 (da ranar haihuwarsa, bai zama a cikin wannan shekara). Ya ya riga ya aikata wani suna a matsayin wani mawãƙi ba, amma a matsayin mutum a cikin al'umma ba su son shi. Kuma hali ne, raunata, shi aka yankewa. A marubuci sane kokarin saya da wani suna a matsayin buffoon da kuma rake. Kuma ya barkwanci kasance mafi caustic da kuma m fiye da kyau-natured. Poems Lermontov da mutuntakar m frequenter wadanda mutane ciki ne don haka daukan hankali ba daidai da juna, da cewa mafi karatu ji abubuwan, nuna a cikin shayari, m wasan kwatanci. Kawai lafiya kalmomi ba tare da ciwon kansa a kusa da hali a gare su.

Duk da haka, bisa ga 'yan abokai, Michael sa mask shi a kan mutane, amma a kan takarda ya zubo boye songs shan azaba da callousness na duniya rai.

Amma gaskiyar cewa wanda ya rubuta "Farewell, marsa wanki Rasha ..." ya mai real Bakan'ane, babu daya shakka. Ina son don motherland da aka bayyana ba kawai a cikin daukaka rhythms, amma kuma a cikin soja al'amura. Lokacin da ta je lokaci zuwa dauki bangare a cikin tashin, Mikhail ba ya jin kunyar ya girmama na wani tsoho daraja iyali. A ãdalci ya kamata a lura da cewa wani soja da aka cikakken ba roko ga Michael. Ya ko da kokawa ya yi murabus, don ya sami damar tafiyar da wallafe-wallafen aikin ba tare da karkacewar, amma bai yi kuskure ya buri da tashe da kakarsa, wanda ya so ya gani kawai grandchild nasara soja.

rayuwa yanayi

A 1837, domin waka "Mutuwa na wani mawãƙi" Lermontov aka daure da kuma aika zuwa ga na farko mahada a cikin Caucasus. Saboda da bukatar da kaka Elizabeth Alekseevna Arsenyev, wanda ya haši a kotu, ya zauna a can na tsawon - kawai 'yan watanni. Kuma zauna shi ne a mawãƙi wajen wani taskar m kwaikwayo, maimakon Hatsarin.

A farkon 1840, Lermontov samu a cikin wani duel, wanda ya sa aka daure a kan na biyu mahada cikin dagan yaki. Wannan lokaci da tsari da aka amfani da su zubar da Sarkin sarakuna na bukatar kullum tafiyar da kaso a farko line na kai hari.

A dangane da wadannan abubuwan da suka faru da kuma aka rubuta da waka "Farewell, marsa wanki Rasha ...". Lermontov bayyana, a ta hali zuwa sa'an nan data kasance domin. Ya jefa m replica, wanda ta zo ta unspeakable haushi cewa ya ƙaunataccen Fatherland faruwa arbitrariness, da dukan mutanen da slavishly goyon bayan kafa domin.

Wannan waka, babu shakka, an rubuta kashe cuff, a daya fadi karkata guda. A da shi ya zuba dukan fushinsa da kuma son barin baya da zafi daga mãsu zãlunci. Ya yi fatan a sami kwanciyar rai da nisa daga gida, a cikin sararin expanses na Caucasus.

Zahiri kowane magana a cikin wadannan ayoyi biyu dauke da wani tsanani ma'anar. Ya kamata a ba a bit lokaci zuwa gane da abin da darajar da aka yi amfani da Lermontov images ga mutane da suka rayu a karshen wani m XIX karni. Kawai a cikin wannan harka, da karfi da kuma kyakkyawa, encased a cikin wannan octave, zai bayyana a gaban ku a duk da ƙawa.

"Good-bankwana"

The kalmar "ban kwana" da farko takamaiman al'amurran da suka shafi ba sa. Marubucin da ke shiga wani yaki a yankin, da kuma irin magani ne dace a nan. Duk da haka, ko da a cikin wannan, a duban farko, shi ne bayyananne da indisputable ra'ayi ta'allaka da wani abu mafi. A gaskiya, kamar wani mawãƙi nẽmi ba to ya ƙaunataccen mahaifarsa, kuma da data kasance zamantakewa domin yarda da shi.

Yana da wani karimcin, kusan iyaka a kan yanke ƙauna. Tafasar a cikin ƙirjinka daga cikin mawãƙi fushi spills fitar short "Goodbye." Ko da yake ya ci tsarin, amma ba a karya a ruhu.

"Marsa wanki Rasha"

A farko da quite istinbadi tambaya cewa taso a kowa da kowa, a kalla kadan saba da ayyukan Mikhail Yurevich, shi ne wadannan: me ya sa mawãƙi yayi amfani da kalmomin "marsa wanki Rasha"? Lermontov yana a hankali a nan shi ne ba na zahiri dauda su 'yan'uwanmu' yan ƙasa.

Da fari dai, Lermontov ta ayoyin nuna cewa ga shi don a wulakanta talakawa Rasha mutane ne kawai sawwaƙe. Ƙauna da girmamawa ga shi permeates dukan aikinsa. Mawãƙi gabagaɗi, ƙalubalantar salon na da tsada, amma a rayuwar sauki manoma, shi garwaya a matsayin organically a matsayin mai karko kyau na Rasha yanayi.

Na biyu, a tarihi, cewa ga ƙarni a Rasha da aka gudanar a babban girma ya kula da m. A mafi matalauta kauyuka wanzu wanka, wanke da kuma manoma, akwai a kalla sau daya a mako. Abin da ba za a iya ce game da "haskaka" Turai, inda da ladabi Ladies na shan wanka - a mafi kyau idan - biyu ko sau uku a shekara. Kuma su Cavaliers galan amfani da turare da kuma Cologne a domin ya kashe ƙi da marsa wanki jikinsu.

Saboda haka, magana "Farewell, marsa wanki Rasha" Lermontov waqa wadda bisa ga al'adar da lokaci ya ya warwatsa a kan daraja gyaran gashi, ko da ba tare da an saki, kawai so su bayyana abin da ya ƙyãmar tsarin mulki. Shi ne mai m ra'ayi, wanda, ba zato ba tsammani, kawai zai iya zarga sa'an nan Rasha.

"A kasar bayi"

Ko gaggawar bincike na waka "Farewell, marsa wanki Rasha ..." babu dalilin yi imani da cewa kalmar "bawa" marubucin ko ta yaya yakan haifar da serfs. A'a, a nan ya nuna da slavish biyayya daga cikin manya aji. A, a gaskiya, da aika mugunta kowane daga cikinsu a fuskar iko.

"A kasar Gentlemen"

The kalmar "Ubangijinka" a nan Yanã bayyananne korau connotation. Shi ne mai kama da manufar "tausayin azzalumai" - kammala da kisan kiyashin da ta tafin kafa hankali. The discontent daga cikin matasa mawãƙi iya fahimta. Bayan duel, wanda ya sa aka daure, shi ne kawai yaro. Lokacin da Lermontov abokin gaba wanda shi ne Mafarin na duel ta harbi, rasa, Michael kawai wofintar da bindiga harbi a gefen - ya ba zai cutar da ta haifar da shi don Ernest de Barentin.

Duk da haka, azãbar ya sha wahala da shi zuwa Michael, bayan Ernest De Barante shi ne dan da jakadan kasar Faransa dake, da kuma sa hannu a cikin unseemly faru kawai ka ɓõye up. Zai yiwu shi ya sa da waka "Farewell, marsa wanki Rasha ...", labarin halitta ne da dangantaka da ba quite wani m fitina, da aka impregnated da irin wannan haushi.

"Kuma ku, blue kayan ..."

Blue Guards a Rasha Empire su ne wakilan da Gendarmerie, wanda sosai mashahuri a cikin kowa mutane kuma ba da soja ba ji dadin. A waka "Farewell, marsa wanki Rasha ...", kuma ya aikata ba fa, tã su a matsayin wani karfi na tabbatar da doka, amma kamar yadda masu hadin gwiwar wanzu tsarist danniya.

"Kuma ku, su m mutane"

Mutane, da aminci asirin 'yan sanda? Haka shi bai faru! Ga Lermontov ba magana sosai game da mutane kamar yadda mutane, yadda game da tsarin siyasa a matsayin dukan. Marubucin ya yi imanin cewa Rasha wanzuwa makwabta manyan kasashe a Turai cikin sharuddan da ci gaban jihar na'ura. Kuma wannan halin da ake ciki mai yiwuwa ne kawai saboda al'umma a matsayin dukan ba tare da ƙara na goyon bayan data kasance domin.

"Yana iya zama cewa garun ya ɓoye Caucasus"

A marmarin kubuta daga wani abu a cikin abin da fama zone iya ba ze sosai ma'ana. Duk da haka, Lermontov Caucasus wani gaske musamman wuri. Domin da farko lokacin da ya ziyarce shi tun yana dan yaro, kuma m kwaikwayo na wannan lokaci, ya dauki ta hanyar ransa.

A lokacin farko reference Mikhail tafiya fiye da yaki. Ya sha'awar majestic hali, kuma ya ji dadi sosai da kai daga wadanda mutane kowa,. Tare da cewa a hankali wadannan yanayi, yana da sauki ga fahimtar mawãƙi ta so ka boye shi a cikin Caucasus.

"... daga pashas"

Amma kalmar "Pashas" dubi da ɗan organically kamar yadda amfani da hukumomi a Rasha Empire. Me Lermontov amfani da lakabi na shugabannin Ottoman Empire bayyana Rasha gendarmes?

Wasu daga cikin wording sa a wurin da kalmar "Sarakuna" ko "shugabannin". Duk da haka, yana da wuya a yarda da cewa wadannan zažužžukan asali amfani Lermontov. "Farewell, marsa wanki Rasha ..." - a aya a cikin abin da marubucin ya sãɓa wa wani musamman data kasance domin a wanda sarki ya taka muhimmiyar rawa. Amma sarki, a matsayin shugaban, akwai iya zama daya kawai. Yin amfani da wannan lakabi a cikin jam'i a cikin wannan hali zai kawai zama ba daidai ba.

Lermontov ta Sahaban da irin wannan magana, dã ainihin rezanulo ji. Tunanin cewa a cikin labarai sanarwa ya ce wani abu kamar, "Kuma yanzu mu shugaba ...". Wani abu kamar jumlar "kubuta daga sarakuna" zai sauti zuwa ga masu karatu, a cikin XIX karni.

A zahiri, a ko'ina cikin tarihin na Turks ga Rasha mutane sun m abokan. Kuma har yanzu, da ganewa da wannan kasa ya shafi for m miyãgun sunãye na laƙabõbĩ. Waka "Farewell, marsa wanki Rasha ..." da aka rubuta a lokacin da Turkey zuwa Rasha jama'a tabbaci hade da wani m autocratic jihar. Saboda haka, wakilan da Elite gendarmes wani lokacin kira pashas, domin ya kara jaddada irin hali don su na kowa mutane. A fili, wannan shi ne batu a da zuba jari mai girma Rasha mawãƙi a cikin waka.

"Mai gani" da kuma "ji"

M Mikhail Lermontov duel tare da Ernest de Barant sa, ba shakka, gaba ɗaya zaman kansa. The jayayya tsakanin matasa ya faru a gidan wani Countess na Laval, wanda ya ba da kwallon. Da kanta a duel ya faru kwana biyu daga baya a duk rasa rubutu dokoki - a secluded wuri a gaban seconds a garesu.

Duk da cewa babu m sakamakon wannan karo ya ba kasa da makonni uku, Lermontov aka ɗauke shi zuwa gadi. The laifi ya aka tuhuma da wata kasida kan "misprision". Kuma ba wani biyu, kuma bã ya abokin amsa ba shiga.

Dalilin da fara da bincike ya yi ba wani kwakkwaran denunciation na daya daga cikin kai tsaye mahalarta, da jita-jita a duel cewa ya bazu cikin matasa sanda. Saboda haka, da mawãƙi da ya shafi cikin epithet "Mai gani" da kuma "ji", ta kwatanta aikin na asirin 'yan sanda.

Duk da haka, wasu version na waka "Farewell, marsa wanki Rasha ..." ba diametrically gaban karatu na karshe biyu Lines. A cikinsu marubucin tanã kai ƙãra game da "ba ganin ido" da "kunnuwan ji ba," magana da makanta, da son zuciya, da ãdalci.

To, wannan ka'idar yana da hakkin ya wanzu. Duk da haka, inda sai da yawa bambancin? A karshen, da waka Lermontov - ba wani samfurin na shekara dubu da suka wuce, cewa archaeologists da mayar da crumbs. Kuma a lokacin rubuta wannan waƙa marubucin ya riga sananne ga ya halitta a cikin ƙyaftawar ido rafke cikin kawo dukkan, ta haka ne da barin tafarki a cikin dubun ko daruruwan kofe. Wadannan sabani sun sa mutane da yawa su fara shakka ko da cewa, wannan aya taba rubuta Lermontov. "Farewell, marsa wanki Rasha ..." sha wahala a crushing hari sukar.

Shakka game da marubucin

Babban shaida, wadda take kaiwa zuwa shakka cewa marubucin wannan waka ne Mikhail Lermontov - shi ne lokacin bazawa na aiki. Tun lokacin da mutuwa na mawãƙi gudanar ya tafi kusan rabin karni - shekaru 46. A kofi na farko suke dashi rubutum Dates daga farkon jerin 70-ies karni na karshe. Wannan ya nuna a rata a cikin shekaru talatin da tsakanin rubuce-rubuce na asali da kuma kwafin.

Ba guda zane ko daftarin, sanya hannun Mikhail Yurevich, kuma ba ya wanzu. Duk da haka, Bartne (tarihi, wanda Ya saukar da haske a baya ba a sani ba waka) a cikin sirri haruffa yana nufin wanzuwar asali da aka rubuta ta hanyar Lermontov ta alkalami, amma baya daga gare shi, da daftarin aiki saboda ba wanda ya taba gani ba.

Ko da more m ne tsakanin wallafe-wallafen waka "Farewell, marsa wanki Rasha ..." harafin da kanta. A bincike na marubucin dangantaka zuwa ga sakewa da kasa fita ba shakka ba kawai a cikin cizon yatsa, kuma ko da, a wasu hanya, a watsi ga kasar, wanda a baya Lermontov taba bayyana.

Duk da haka, da dama precipitating masoya na m ayoyinMu, shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa sanannen "Farewell!" Lermontov jefa shi ne ba da motherland, kuma ajizai jihar na'ura. Kuma tare da cewa kowa da kowa ya amince da wallafe-wallafen biography na mawãƙi ne.

Wata gardamar amfani da sukar - a kamanta bincike na biyu waqe: "Gida" da kuma "Farewell, marsa wanki Rasha ...". Su aka zargin da aka rubuta da wani bambanci na 'yan watanni. Duk da haka, wanda imbued tare da girmamawa ga Fatherland, da kuma na biyu mai cike da unflattering to wannan Mahaifa, mahaifiyata epithets.

Yana iya haka da cika fuska canza yanayi na mawãƙi? Kuma ba ya da shi? Bayanan kula kadai haushi muhimmi ga mafi Lermontov aiki. Suna kawai kawai nuna mafi ma'ana, mu sami a cikin ayar "Farewell, marsa wanki Rasha ...". Babu girman kai ga su ƙasar haihuwarsa, to da sukar kokarin wuya a saka. Akwai da zafi na mawãƙi son ganin kasar su da wani m, kuma m, amma aka tilasta zo sharuddan da cewa wadannan bukatun stifled data kasance tsarin mulki.

Amma, a karshen, kowa da kowa ya yanke shawarar kansa, a cikin abin da ya yi imani. Da isassun dalilai a kan daya da kuma a daya hannun. Kuma wanda ya marubucin wannan waka shi ne, a gaskiya ma, shi ne matabbata a cikin Rasha adabi da kuma shakka zai iya gaya mai yawa game da halin da ake ciki rinjaye a tsakiyar XIX karni.

Kuma ga magoya Mihaila Yurevicha Lermontova quite aiki marubucin wadda, babu shakka, shi mawãƙi ne. Af, wanda lokacin da yake rayuwa da aka kira da magaji na Pushkin! Ya wallafa wani littafi wasiyya, babu shakka, za a iya kwatanta ta da wani watsi da lu'ulu'ai a cikin taskar Rasha wallafe-wallafe.