Kankare hanya: gina fasahar

Ainihin abu domin gina hanyoyi ne kwalta. Bayan shekaru uku ake bukata a gyara su, sa'an nan da shekara-shekara dawo da yi Properties. Kankare hanya kwalta vastly m, a da yawa hanyoyi, amma da amfani yana da iyaka.

A dalilai domin wannan su ne kamar haka:

• rashin yi kasafin kudin.
• low yawan aiki.
• sauyin yanayi.
• zirga-zirga loading.
• rashin zama dole-daban na siminti.
• ƙasa.

A Amurka, a kasa taska ne a kankare hanya (photo kasa).

Back a cikin 50 ta a Amurka da kuma West don su gane abũbuwan amfãni, kuma yi ne a cike lilo.

A baya can, kankare hanyoyi a Rasha an dage farawa daga faranti, tuki a mota kama da motsi na jiragen kasa a kan dogo gidajen abinci. Yanzu zuba shi a ƙasa, kuma shafi ne m.

Mene ne kankare hanya?

Kankare hanya yana da wadannan abũbuwan amfãni:

• 'yanci na shiri na kankare mix .
• High gudun stacking.
• high ƙarfi, kuma karko.
• m surface, da ciwon kyau mannewa tare da taya.
• mafi ganuwa kamar yadda idan aka kwatanta da kwalta saboda kyau reflectivity.

Kankare hanyoyi da aiki abũbuwan amfãni, wanda ya kunshi a canja wurin da kaya daga m kankare slab a kan mafi yawansu, da tushe. Wannan shi ne musamman bayyanannu a cikin bazara. Deflection kwalta sau da yawa yakan faru mafita, kamar yadda evidenced da bayyanar ruts kuma tãguwar ruwa. Kankare bene rage irin deflection, yayin da cimma man fetur tanadi na har zuwa 20%.

Environmental amfanin alaka da rashin ƙasa samu ta hanyar man fetur da kayayyakin da cewa tsaya daga kwalta. Fuel tanadi rage gurbata muhalli. An yi imani da cewa a mafi m shafi samar da yawan hayaniya, amma wannan karuwa ne kaɗan.

Tasiri na ƙasa domin gina hanyoyi

Automotive kankare hanya da ake gina tare da taimakon daban-daban fasahar. Kowane aikin ne daban-daban. A mountainous yankunan, da hanya ya bi ƙasa.

A lokacin da gina hanyoyi kokarin daidaita shi: ciki backfilled, Tuddai an yanke ta hanyar duwãtsu aka gudanar Tunnels, overpasses da gadoji an gina. Don tabbatar da cewa high-gudun yanayin magina kokarin kauce wa m hawa, descents kuma ya jũya.

Daban-daban kayayyaki hanyoyi na asali rarrabuwa dogara ne a kan topcoat, wanda zai iya zama kwalta ko kankare. Kwalta bukatar a gyara a cikin 3-4 shekaru. Wasu dogon zango hanya fara warke lokacin da yi ba a gama ba tukuna. Kankare hanya kudin 80% mafi tsada, amma shi ba ya bukatar gyara na farko shekaru 10 da aiki. Its karko rage tabbatarwa ta halin kaka. Lokacin kwanciya a kankare hanya yin qualitatively, shi hidima da dama da suka gabata ba tare da overhaul.

A tsarin da roadway

Yi na kankare hanyoyi ne da za'ayi na wadannan yadudduka:

• ƙarin,
• underlayment.
• kankare shafi.

ƙasa shiri

Mai zuba kankare Earsbe gona shiri da kuma masana'antu na da jeri Layer. A kasar gona ya zama m. Wannan ne sauƙi tabbatar da danko da shi zuwa karfe mashaya 12 mm m. Dole ya zama memba zuwa zurfin ba fiye da 60 cm. Idan da hatimin ne bai isa ba, ga matashi kara prosyadet kuma kankare auka.

Share fage pre ukatyvayut. Musamman a kula da wannan a cikin kwanciya. A wannan yanayin, mirgina aka yi a yadudduka. Gona compaction aka yi a ganiya danshi abun ciki. Type da kuma yawan kafa na nadi da za a zaba a gwaje da samar da wani gwajin mirgina. Idan zafi ne kasa da halatta darajar, kasar gona ya kamata a moistened. Idan ma danye, da shi ya bushe loosening, Bugu da kari na yashi, slag ko wasu hanyoyin.

ruwa mai guba

Lokacin gina kankare hanya, da fasahar samar da ga karbo daga gare su thawed, ruwan sama da kuma ambaliyar ruwa ko da a gaban yi na roadbed. Aiki a wannan yanki ne da za'ayi biyu a cikin birnin da kuma bayan.

Inji kankare hanya tare da wani famfo hazo zama dole don kara sabis rayuwa da kuma inganta halin tuƙi. A surface na hanya ne m zuwa safarar ruwa a lokacin da motsi. Tabarbarewa mannewa a zane, fesa daga ƙafafun hana Siffar, da kuma kankara kafa a lokacin misãlin. Don shafe da hanya surface dole ne tilted a mai gangara kuma a tsaye kwatance, an sanya a matsayin draining yadudduka. A tushe ne baje ta tsada kuma Halicci nuna bambanci da cewa zai iya zama ko jingina-gable. A wuraren da ruwa za su iya tattarawa, masu hada kai da kuma rufe da ƙasa nedreniruyuschim.

A waje da birnin da ruwa daga roadway an cire a cikin zirga-zirga cell. Su nisa ne 1-2.5 m The ruwa tattara a gare su, kuma aka sallami cikin samun ruwan :. gutter, halitta ko wucin gadi jiki na ruwa, da kogin gado. Domin wannan dalili, da cell Halicci nuna bambanci 1-4% garu Lawn ciyawa, tsakuwa, da na dutse ko kankare detrital.

A al'ummomi a fadin ruwa trays da yake faruwa a cikin gari lambatu. Na'urorin ga ta daina raina kullum tsabtace a cimma bukata kayan da aka samar.

The ruwa da seeps a cikin ƙasa, shi ne mai hatsari ga hanya. An ba ta hanyar da yadudduka na seepage, kamar tsakuwa. Yana sanya magudanun ruwa bututu tare da slits ko ramukan. Su za a iya sanya na roba, kankare ko yumbu.

Works on kasafi na zirga-zirga da makada thawed, hadari da kuma ambaliyar yi kafin gina roadbed.

Kwanciya kwanciya Layer

A m ƙasa ne 20-40 cm m matashin kai. Ba tare da shi yiwuwa a gudanar, amma shi muhimmanci impedes da ya kwarara daga danshi daga ƙasa har, da kuma inganta magudanun ruwa. Wajibi ne su hana blurring da sanyi heaving, abu don bayyanar cavities da kuma fasa a cikin kankare monolith. A mafi girma matsalar halitta ƙasa daga lãka, peat ko wani, wanda shi ne iya tara ruwa. An partially yanke da kuma a kan tushe na da m kasarun adadi bombarded da duwatsu, sa'an nan tsakuwa. A tsawo daga cikin yadudduka bayan compacting ne game da 30 cm. Daga su horo da kuma halin kaka dogara ne a kan yadda yawa lokaci zai gina kankare hanyoyi. A m kauri daga cikin tushe dogara a kan ƙasa da irin da yanayin yankin. Yana aka bayyana a cikin alluna. Tsakanin duk yadudduka na daban-daban kayan aza geotextile.

Leveling kowane Layer samar a yarda da zane na tsaye da kuma mai gangara gangara.

Stone tushe kayan kullum karfafa abubuwa da ciwon nauyin Properties. Wannan na iya zama siminti ko masana'antu sharar gida: granulated metallurgical slag tare da Bugu da kari na sauri lemun tsami, tashi ash na thermal ikon tashoshin, ƙasa slag. A yadudduka ya zama monolithic, cewa aka samu ta hanyar amfani da dauri qagaggun da hankali mirgina.

Don wuce gina kayan sau da yawa na bukatar wani ƙarin karuwa a ƙarfi daga cikin ƙananan Layer. Don yin wannan, shi Qarfafa cementitious qagaggun.

formwork

Formwork sanya na kaya maras amfani cika tsawo, wanda shi ne 100-150 mm. Akwai hanyoyi da tsawo, ya kamata a lura da cewa gefuna da kankare slab sanya hakarkarinsa cewa kara da ƙarfi. A kauri daga cikin alluna ya kamata a kalla 50 mm. Abun da ke ciki ne mai rufi, sauki hakar daga daskararre slab. By da formwork na itace ne bukatun na da ƙarfin da dirka na sabo kankare da sojojin tasowa a lokacin aiki karambanin taba.

Idan ka yi amfani nauyi hanya kayan compaction kuma kankare karewa, mai iko sa na karfe formwork. Yana ba warp da yake da muhimmanci ba. A tafin kafa yana da gammonsa, wanda qara tabbata.

Sashen shuttering shigar a-line kuma tam lazimta. Wannan yana da muhimmanci musamman idan kana yi nauyi kankare fašakarwar inji. A wuraren da rage tushe matakan karkashin formwork zuba yadudduka ramammu kankare ga mafi kwanciyar hankali.

Kankare hanya: faranti masana'antu dabarun

Kafin kwanciya da kankare sets fadada gidajen abinci da damar da slabs don motsawa tsaye da kuma horizontally a su fadada ko matsawa.

1. Fadada gidajen abinci

Fitar sassan suna gaba daya rabu. Domin grouting abu ne amfani, garwaya da makamashi: wani insulating paperboard, taushi itace, abin toshe kwalaba da bitumen. Don kare shi daga turɓãya da duwatsu daga cikin manya kabu yanki zuwa zurfin 40-50 mm wajibi ne don yin waterproofing sealant. Idan ba a yi a cikin lokaci, da fadada daga cikin kankare slabs na duwatsu na iya karya bãya.

A nesa tsakanin stitches a cikin temperate canjin yanayin na 20-30 m AMINCI shafi for dogon slabs ne 50% kuma ga takaice -. 85%. An halin da juriya ga fatattaka tsakanin overhauls. Monolithic shafi goyan bayan karfe sandunansu, a sanya a cikin seams.

Su suna shigar ta cikin gefen fuska ko da wani musamman na'urar for pavers. Lokacin da gibba tsakanin m faranti ne a nesa na fiye da 6 m, saman cover saka matsakaici seams zuwa zurfin 1/3 na kauri daga cikin kankare. Irin wannan karya gidajen abinci da kuma yin hanya axis.

Da nisa daga cikin biyu makada na hanya ne 6-9 m. A zazzabi-ji ƙyama hatimi ne ma yi tsakanin su don a tsaye fasa da aka ba kafa.

2. kwanciya na kankare

Zuriyar dabbobi Layer rufe hana ruwa takarda, waterproofing ko moistened. Kankare aka sanya a kan kauri a lokaci daya. Idan ƙarfafa ne amfani, da farko cika Layer kauri daga 30-40 mm, da aka aza a kan shi a tashar wutar lantarki, sa'an nan ya cika har zuwa karshen shuttering.

A kankare cakuda dole ne a yi amfani da sauri, domin shi ne mai yiwuwa gajeren lokaci. Diluting ruwa ba zai iya zama, saboda shi zai kai ga tabarbarewar da inji Properties daga cikin farantin.

Saboda da yawa shirye-sanya kankare factory zo zuba. Bayan Ana saukewa daga cikin mota ya aka baje na musamman inji sanye take da ruwan wukake kora. A cakuda da aka dakatar a 1 m ³ da kuma gaba ɗaya ya sanya, ko za su yi wani babban heap a cikin kasa denser fiye da a wasu wurare. A kan aiwatar da leveling wannan unevenness sami ceto, wanda zai iya haifar da ya karu shrinkage malouplotnennyh shafukan. Kamar wancan ne a kan surface na farantin kafa depressions. A mafi kyau zaɓi ne uniform stacking na kankare a 2-3 yadudduka.

3. Kankare sealing

Kayan aiki ga compaction na kankare ne mai katako na itace ko karfe, wanda rinjayar gyarawa a kanta pneumatic guduma. An nutsa cikin kankare mix da kuma motsa a cikin shi. Lokacin da aiki da sashe ƙare, katako aka dauke da canjawa wuri zuwa wani wuri.

Lokacin amfani da wani vibratory armature mashaya ya zama daga gare shi a nesa na 5-7 cm a sama.

Fašakarwar inji ma qunshi kuma fašakarwar screed wanda ya ta'allaka ne gaba.

By plasticity na kankare Mix musamman bukatun. Yana dole ne isasshe mobile, amma ba ma bakin ciki, ko kuma yana daukan wuri dislodging, sunã zubar ta cikin formwork - ƙarfi tabarbarewa.Idan.

Bayan wani kadan hardening na kankare slab aka zuba da ruwa don kauce wa fasa daga bushewa fita. Ta rufe da yashi, budu da tabarmi, tufafin makoki ko zane. A zamani hanyar da kariya a kan danshin da aka fesa uwa da slab surface hardening sealant. A fim-kafa wakili ne amfani da dukan surface da kuma gefuna. Kafin shi ake bukata don cire wuce haddi danshi daga shafi.

Low ingancin kankare cakuda take kaiwa zuwa da bukatar m hanya gyare-gyare.

ƙarshe

A fasaha na yi na kankare hanyoyi ne kullum ana inganta, godiya ga wadannan:

1. Inganta basira da kwarewa da kwararru.
2. A gaban Multi-aiki da kuma high-yi da fasaha.
3. kyautata na fasaha kayan aiki, wanda damar don rage manual aiki.
4. Aikace-aikace na sabon ci-gaba kayan.

Duk da hakan kudin, da kudin gyara na kankare hanyoyi ne da yawa kasa da gyaran kwalta.