Kenkenewa: da misalai a cikin duniya, kuma a Rasha

akwai mutane da yawa daban-daban sharuddan tattalin arziki da ka'idar. Duk da haka, mafi nisa-kai na wadannan ne manufar kenkenewa. Har zuwa abin da daidai amfani da wannan lokaci da kuma abin da yake da na ginin jumla ma'anar a cikin wani batu dogara kai tsaye a kan mahallin. Wannan shi ne saboda wani daban-daban fassarar wannan ra'ayi.

Jigon da lokaci

The kalmar "kenkenewa" a Girkanci nufin "na daya" - daya, da kuma "polio" - Selling. Wannan kalma tana nufin wani halin da ake ciki a kasuwar inda shi aiki daya kawai m. A lokaci guda gaba daya babu gasar ko fiye babu daya samar kama kaya ko ayyuka.

A farko kenkenewa a tarihin 'yan adam an halicce godiya ga takunkumi na jihar. Gwamnatin wuce a dokar bada karfi dama na wani kamfanin kasuwanci a wasu kaya. Duk da haka, kalmar "kenkenewa" yana mai yawa ma'anar. A cewar daya daga version, wannan musamman kasuwar a wadda jihar ko kungiyar da aka bai wa m hakkin ya kawo a kan ta kasuwanci ayyukan. A lokaci guda kenkenewa, in babu gasar, ya kayyade darajar da dukiya ko sosai gagarumin tasiri a kan farashin da manufofin. Irin wannan definition ne mai ingantaccen halayyar da kasuwar.

Main fasali na wani kenkenewa

Masana sun gano wadannan yanayi, wanda ya nuna gaban kawai gona na kamfanin:

• gaban daya ko a manya-manyan sayarwa.
• samuwan kayayyakin, wanda yana da wani m analogues.
• kasancewar high-dokin sharudda ga shigarwa na sabon kamfanoni a cikin wannan kasuwar kashi.

Akwai sauran jiyya cewa ana amfani da kalmar "kenkenewa". Alal misali, wannan ra'ayi na iya nufin wani raba kamfanin, wanda aka halin da fifiko a gudanar da wani takamaiman kasuwar kashi.

zažužžukan fassarori

Kalmar "kenkenewa" an fahimci matsayin:

• Jihar ko kasuwa, ko ɗaya daga cikin segments, a kan abin da akwai daya kawai player.
• kadai kamfanin da cewa ƙera da kuma sayar da kayayyakin halitta da ta;
• Market tare da masu sauraro a kan shi kawai sha'anin-shugaban.

The musamman da suka bambanta da wani kamfanin ne m da yawa sharudda. Duk da haka, mafi asali na wadannan ne matakin na gasar. Ya dole ne ko dai zama isasshe low, ko ba ya nan gaba ɗaya.

rarrabuwa

Akwai daban-daban na monopolies. Duk da haka, su rarrabuwa ne sosai matukar. Wannan shi ne saboda cewa wasu siffofin monopolies iya lokaci guda ya kamãta da dama na jinsi. Saboda haka, release:

• halitta kenkenewa, inda wani mahaluži yana da wani kyakkyawan zarafi a cikin kasuwar.
• m kenkenewa, idan akwai daya kawai maroki na wasu iri sabis ko kaya;
• conglomerate - 'yan bambancin iri batutuwa, amma yardatayya financially Hadakar (misali, a Rasha iya zama CJSC "Gazmetall");
• rufaffiyar kenkenewa, wanda yana da kariya daga gasar a cikin nau'i na doka hane-hane, kafa dokar kare mallakar da hakkin mawallafi.
• bude kenkenewa, wanda aka halin a cewa a cikin kasuwar akwai daya kawai maroki na samfurin, wanda yana da wani musamman kariya daga gasar.

Bugu da kari ga wadannan, akwai wasu daban na monopolies. Ka yi la'akari da wasu daga cikin iri na wannan sabon abu.

halitta kenkenewa

Sau da yawa, da kasuwar akwai wani halin da ake ciki inda da bukatar wani samfurin da aka bayyana ta da daya ko fiye da kamfanonin. A wannan yanayin akwai wata halitta kenkenewa. Ta haddasawa karya a cikin abokin ciniki sabis da fasali da kuma tsari.

A wani Jihar duniya tamu, akwai na halitta monopolies. Misalin wannan - tarho sabis, makamashi, sufuri, da dai sauransu

Halitta monopolies ake ma aiki a cikin filin:

• shari mai, iskar gas da kuma man fetur bututun akwati darajar.
• da sabis don samar da yawan jama'a akwatin gidan da lantarki sadarwa.

Dauki, misali, wutar lantarki. A nan ma akwai wata halitta kenkenewa. Misalai a Rasha - yana da 700 data kasance TPP, TPP da HPP, wanda aka garwaya a cikin wani hadin gwiwa stock kamfanin rao "UES na Rasha". Kamfanin da aka kafa, a 1992, a lokacin da abun da ke ciki na abin da suke a cikin yankin karkashi na shiyya energos 'hamsin mafi m ikon shuke-shuke da aka samu. Don kwanan wata, rao "UES na Rasha" kama dukan ikon line sadarwa a kasar.

A gas masana'antu ne ma ba kare da na halitta kenkenewa. Misalai a Rasha - takwas da ƙungiyoyi na gas samar, kazalika da goma sha uku yankin kai kamfanonin safarar shi, suna tattare a cikin rao "Gazprom". A rabo daga kamfanin ta asusun domin kwata na duk gwamnati kudaden shiga.

OAO "Gazprom" daukawa fitar da kashi 56% na ba a cikin gabas da 21% - a Yammacin Turai. Ya na da dukiyar da kasashen waje, wadda suke da hannun jari a kamfanoni da cewa mallaki gas rarraba da gas tsarin sufuri.

A halitta kenkenewa a Rasha ne Railway masana'antu. A rabo na tafiya wuraren da OAO Rasha layukan dogo, kazalika da yawa ne 80% na dukkan zirga-zirga a cikin kasar. Great nauyi, da kuma zirga-zirgar fasinja. Shi ne 41%.

Akwai sauran halitta monopolies a Rasha. Misalin wannan - na "Rosneft", OJSC "Rostelecom", da dai sauransu

Misalan kenkenewa na duniya halitta look ɗan daban-daban daga Rasha. The dokokin na kasashen yammaci amfani da sharuddan kamar:

• jama'a sabis.
• sabis zama dole ga duk.
• sabis na cibiyar sadarwa, da dai sauransu

Alal misali, a cikin UK akwai wata doka da bunqasar da kalmar "halitta monopolies". Misalai na kamfanonin da suke "wajibi ne ga duk" na dogo Tsarin, watsa da kuma rarraba wutar lantarki, ruwa da tsabtace. A Faransa, da kalmar "halitta kenkenewa" tsayayyen lokaci "masana'antu da kasuwanci jama'a sabis." Waɗannan su ne ƙungiyoyin aiki a fagen sadarwa, dogo da sufuri da kuma wutar lantarki.

Halitta kenkenewa a Jamus ne a halin da ake ciki inda daya kamfanin ne iya saduwa da bukatar kasuwa ta samar da wani samfurin ko sabis da low, amma a lokaci guda tabbatar da wata al'ada matakin a kudin riba. Wannan ya shafi cikin bututun da kuma Railway kai.

wucin gadi kenkenewa

Wannan ra'ayi ne sosai capacious. A cewar wasu masana, da wata halitta kenkenewa, kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama, shi ne daya daga cikin iri na tattalin arziki kenkenewa (wucin gadi). A wannan yanayin da muke magana ne game da kamfanonin da suke iya samun wani abu matsayi a kasuwa.

Yadda akwai wani wucin gadi kenkenewa? Misalai na da rinjaye bayyanar Enterprises nuna yiwuwar samun hanyoyi biyu don cimma burin. A farko daga cikin wadannan qarya a cikin nasara ci gaba da samar, kazalika da taro na babban birnin kasar, da kuma, kamar yadda wani sakamako, da kara yawan kayayyakin da ake yi. Na biyu hanya ne sauri. Ta da asali ne karkashin shugabancin tsakiya babban birnin kasar, cewa shi ne, wani son rai jam'iyya ko madafun iko da fatara kamfanoni. A taro na kananan da kuma matsakaici-sized Enterprises zama mafi shahararren. Akwai wani wucin gadi kenkenewa. Yana maida hankali ne akan wasu kayayyaki kasuwar kashi, kuma yana da wata gasa.

A halin yanzu, yadu amfani wucin gadi kenkenewa. Misalai na irin wannan ƙungiyoyi - wannan damuwar, amãnõninsu, toshe bakin da cartels. Kowane dan kasuwa ya yi aiki ga nasara kenkenewa matsayi. Yana gusar da dama kasada da kuma matsalolin da dangantaka da fafatawa a gasa, kazalika da dauki a kan kasuwar mai kyakkyawan zarafi. A wannan yanayin, da ke boye abinci ne iya tasiri sauran kasuwa mahalarta da kuma tsawwala su yanayi.

Samar da wani wucin gadi kenkenewa iya faruwa a hanyoyi dabam dabam. Jihar your doka ayyukan iya samar da dama fitarwa ko sabis don kawai daya kamfanin. Kamar wancan akwai kuma wucin gadi kenkenewa. Misalin wannan da ake samu a mafi yawan kasashen na duniya. Wannan kungiyar, bisa jama'a da zaɓin. A misali a Rasha - kamfanin "Mosgortrans". Yana bayar da babban birnin ta hanya. A wannan yanayin, da ikon bai ba da izinin aiki na kasuwar zuwa wasu dako, ta fafatawa a gasa.

jihar kenkenewa

Its halittar aka yi tare da taimakon shari'a da shinge. A doka takardun ayyana iyakoki na magana kayayyaki monopolies da kuma a kan siffofin iko. A wannan yanayin, wanda kamfanin samar da m dama don gudanar da wannan ko cewa irin aiki. Wadannan kungiyoyi ne jama'a. Su ƙarƙashin tsakiyar allon, ma'aikatun, da dai sauransu A jihar kenkenewa sha'anin kungiyoyin daya masana'antu. Wannan take kaiwa zuwa wani rashin gasar a kasuwa.

Akwai mallakar gwamnati monopolies a Rasha. Misalai na ayyuka kayyade ta zartas da doka da aka nuna a kasa. Sun hada da:

• wani aiki da aka alaka da fataucin psychotropic da narcotic kwayoyi.
• Aiki a fagen soja fasaha tsari .
• bayar da tsabar kudi, da kuma kungiyar na da wurare dabam dabam a cikin ƙasa na Rasha.
• da yake bincike da alama sanya masu daraja karafa.
• samar da yawa daga ethyl barasa.
• fitarwa da kuma shigo da wasu kayayyaki.

Inda aka musamman pronounced a jihar kenkenewa? Misalai na yin amfani da administrative iko za a iya gani a fannoni daban daban. Wannan ne Bank of Rasha. Ya na da kenkenewa a kan kungiyar, wurare dabam dabam da kuma batun kudin. Irin wannan dama da aka ba shi ta hanyar da majalisu ayyukan.

A bangaren lafiya akwai kuma wani jihar kenkenewa. Misalai dangantaka da samar da magunguna. Saboda haka, shi yana cikin kenkenewa hakkokin FSUE "Moscow endocrine Shuka". Yana samar da kwayoyi da aka yi amfani da a fannoni daban daban na kiwon lafiya. Yana ilimin halin tababbu da kuma gynecology, endocrinology da ophthalmology.

A sarari masana'antu ma yana da wani jihar kenkenewa. A Rasha, da misalai da lãbãri a gare daban-daban abubuwa a wannan fanni, da haske na su - shi ne cosmodrome "Baikonur".

cikakkar kenkenewa

Wani lokaci a kan kasuwar da halin da ake ciki inda a cikin mabukaci kansu, wani sabon kamfanin miƙa sabuwar halitta samfurin cewa yana da wani analogues. Wannan shi ne wani tsantsa kenkenewa. Misalai na irin wannan yanayi ne yanzu bai isa ba. A yau shi ne a rare sabon abu. Mafi sau da yawa gasa da juna da dama kamfanonin. A halin yanzu, kamar yadda mai mulkin, kawai tare da taimakon jihar iya zama da tsarki kenkenewa. Misalan lokacin da wannan za a iya bayar da kawai da abokai miƙa su kayayyakin a kasuwa. Mafi sauki daga gare su, a lokacin da m nuna wa masu amfani a kan tamaninsu. Duk da haka, da kudin na kaya ko sabis zai iya zama da tsarki kenkenewa sarrafawa da jiha. Bugu da kari, wadannan kasuwanci abokai suna kare daga shigarwa a cikin ikon yinsa, daga ayyukan wasu dillalai da jihar dokokin.

A misali na tsarki kenkenewa iya zama kamfanin ta ayyukan "Aluminum Company" (USA). A shekarar 1945, wannan kamfanin yana da cikakken iko da haƙar ma'adinai a Amurka. Wannan albarkatun ne babban albarkatun kasa domin aluminum samar.

A daukan hankali misali na tsarki kenkenewa a Rasha - da gida kamfanin ta wutar lantarki, gas wadata matsugunnin. Bugu da kari, wannan kamfanin dauke da ruwa da cibiyoyin sadarwa. Kayan more rayuwa ne mafi nasara misalai na irin wannan kasuwanci abokai a duniya.

bude kenkenewa

A kasuwar halin da ake ciki na iya tashi a lokacin da wani kamfanin da aka ƙaddamar da wani sabon gaba daya samfurin. Amma sabanin wani m kenkenewa, jihar ba kare shi daga m fafatawa a gasa. A wannan yanayin, akwai wani bude kenkenewa, wanda za a iya dangana ga daya daga cikin jinsunan m kenkenewa. Wasu lokaci kamfanin ne tafin kafa maroki na wani sabon samfurin. Fafatawa a gasa, irin kamfanonin bayyana a kasuwa daga baya.

Idan ka ba da misalai na jama'a monopolies, yana da daraja ƙarfafu kamfanin Apple, wanda shi ne na farko da ya bayar da masu amfani da touch fasaha.

hadin kenkenewa

Wani lokaci, da kasuwar akwai wani halin da ake ciki a lokacin da samfurin yayi kawai sayarwa, kuma akwai bukatar daga guda abokin ciniki. Wannan shi ne hadin kenkenewa. A wannan halin da ake ciki, da mai saye da mai sayarwa san juna. A lokaci guda sun gudanar da wani da saya da kuma sayar da kayayyakin gama karkashin m farashin controls. Misalai na hadin kenkenewa da yawa tare da irin wannan yanayi a lokacin da mai kauri sayar da kaya zuwa jihar. Wannan sayan makamai da ma'aikatar tsaron, da kuma 'yan adawa na guda kungiyar kwadago na kowane daya m.

ƙarshe

Nau'in monopolies ne matukar. Wasu kamfanonin ne mai wuya a sanyã wa wani irin kasuwanci abokai. Mafi yawa daga cikinsu suna cikin da dama daban-daban na monopolies. Misalan sun ha] kasuwanci abokai hidima tarho networks. Wannan ya hada da iskar gas da wutar lantarki da kamfanonin. Dukan su nuna alamun ba kawai na halitta amma kuma a rufaffiyar kenkenewa. Misalai kuma iya rufe wasu yankunan na aiki.

Sau da yawa, duk da haka, matsayinsa na kasuwanci mahaluži aka canza da cika fuska. Saboda haka, data kasance abũbuwan amfãni na halitta monopolies ba unshe, a tare da su. A halin da ake ciki a kasuwar na irin abokai iya canza a cikin cin gaban sabuwar fasahar ta fafatawa a gasa. Yana ba ci, kuma cikin rufaffiyar matsayi na kenkenewa. All data su amfana da kuma gata za a iya soke sabon gabatar dokokin.