Kumar kasko. Masters kumar kasko. Main nuances kumar kasko

Tukwane asali ɓullo da matsayin sana'a wadda bauta ga yi na kwantena ga abinci ko receptacles cewa a ajiye girma abu da kuma ruwa. A yau shi ne wani aiki da gyare-gyaren a wani musamman tsara maginin tukwane dabaran, sa'an nan da bushe samfurin ne amfani da glaze, bi da calcining lãka bukata. Kamar wancan ne kerarre abubuwa da suke amfani da wani filin: iyali abubuwa, yi, ado, kayan ado, tsarabobi. Wadannan kayayyakin da ake kira kumar kasko tukwane, da suka za a iya samu a kowace kusurwa na duniya tamu.

Akwai uku main azuzuwan na samar da fasaha na kumar kasko:

• samar da gini tubalin.
• tsirar daga lãka, ko ta dutse ware.
• ci gaban da more ladabi earthenware ko ain abubuwa.

Bisa ga fasaha, duk da azuzuwan kumar kasko kama da juna, amma akwai da dama nuances da shafi karshe sakamakon. Babban bambancin - sa lãka cewa karya a cikin zuciya na samfur.

labarin

Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, da kasko ya na mai sana'a da aka yi amfani na musamman don samar da kwantena ga ajiya na kayan da abinci. A tsawon lokaci, shi ci gaba, wadãtar da kuma kawo kafin mu yau ba a cikin wannan tsari, wasu gan shi da kakanninmu. Godiya ga fasaha ci gaba ya fara bayyana sababbin abubuwa tsirar, sun sa a cikin zargin da irin wannan abubuwa a matsayin mai tsaurin tubalin dutse ware, fale-falen, fale-falen, magudanun ruwa bututu, gine-gine da ado da yawa wasu kayayyakin.

Saboda gaskiya cewa jama'a ya zama saba wa datsa da kuma ado kumar kasko, kumar kasko daga category na craft koma cikin category na art. Yin lãka tukwane sun rare a tsufa har abada tun yan adam suka zama Mai ƙididdigewa ga m abu a duniya - lãka, kuma da kaddarorin.

Tsohon Alkawari ya ƙunshi dama nassoshi da maginin tukwane sana'a kuma da kayayyakin. A mafi tsufa lãka tasoshin, ko da a prehistoric sau, da kuma gama da wani mutum hannunka, bi da bi, su ne sababbu a siffar. A kadan daga baya, akwai zagaye da m kayayyakin, a fili sanya ta amfani da maginin tukwane dabaran. Tarihi ya ba kiyaye cikakken bayani game da ainihin bayyanar da da'irar, amma ga ambatar shi zuwa daga zamanin da.

An sani cewa a Asiya na farko ain na farko ya bayyana shekara dubu biyu da suka wuce. Wannan ya nuna cewa kumar kasko a kasar Sin ɓullo da yawa sauri fiye da dukan duniya.

Kowane al'umma da kansa hadisai hade da wannan sana'a, ya juya a cikin art. Saboda haka a cikin kasashen Afirka a farkon karni na ashirin da aka sanya tukwane da hannu, bushewa lãka aka za'ayi a rana da kuma yin burodi kayayyakin da ake yi tare da taimakon tattaka katako da kuma wuta.

Kamar yadda na Turai, shi ne har zuwa ƙarni na takwas kumar kasko ne a cika ƙi. Kawai Spanish Moors ba shi da tura, a game da wannan lokaci, akwai kayayyakin da aka rufe da glaze.

Tukwane samu heyday a kusa da goma sha uku karni. A mafi daukan hankali karuwa faru a Italiya, akwai da aka ƙirƙira majolica - irin tukwane, wanda aka sanya na yumɓun. Florence ya ba da duniya da irin wannan master of art kumar kasko, kamar yadda Luka kasuwanci Robbia, ya sculptures da sauran ayyuka suna dauke su girman kai daga cikin al'umma da kuma a cikin lokaci.

Amfani da fasahar sculptor Robbia, Tuscan masana'antu sun riƙi wani mataki a gaba - articles na ain. Su na farko kora wuta, to, suna mai rufi tare da wani farin glaze, wanda ya yi zane, sa'ilin da samfurin da aka batu zuwa na biyu calcination, da karfi fiye da na farko. Majolica ya fara yin ba kawai gine-gine da ado, amma kuma iyali abubuwa, vases, statuettes.

Bayan raguwar kumar kasko a Italiya, Faransa ya ɗauki baton. A nan ne aka kirkiro da wata gagarumar wuta ga harbe-harben lãka.

A tsakiyar zamanai kumar kasko ka ƙirƙiri da kuma amfani da kawai da matalauta, da babba azuzuwan amfani olovyanuyu, da azurfa, da zinariya. A tartsatsi amfani kumar kasko ma samu da ado a cikin coci. Ga shi aka yi amfani da su haifar da da tuluna. Similar kayayyakin da ake yi wa ado Novgorod majami'u da kuma haikalin da lokaci na Romanovs.

A karshen karni na sha takwas a duk faɗin duniya ya fara bayyana dukan masana'antu wanda tsunduma a kumar kasko.

tukwane

Babban bambancin dake tsakanin yumbu iri-iri ne wani ɓangare na talakawa, kazalika da irin glaze, daga abin da suke samar. Tukwane ne na iri biyu: m da porous.

M - wadanda abubuwa da cewa a lokacin da harbe-harben saboda zafi Fused cikin wani yi kama m taro. A nuna wannan samfurin kama da gilashi. Shi ne Semi-m, kuma ba ya sha ruwa, da kuma karin da karfe, bada wani walƙiya. Misali m kumar kasko - ain.

Porous m, sauƙi karya, da ruwa da aka wuce. Daga cikin wadannan kayayyakin - faience.

Akwai iya zama kayayyakin da ba na zuwa da wannan nau'in, kuma suna da wani abu na a mika mulki tsakanin iri biyu.

m

Wannan category kumar kasko mallakar da wadannan:

• Hard ain. Fused taro, translucent, lafiya, na roba, kama, m, shi ba ya samar da aikin da wuka. Wannan ain ƙunshi kaolin, alli, ma'adini da feldspar. An hõre dual harbe-harben: na farko rauni ya rufe glaze, sa'an nan bayan da wani karfi shafi.
• Soft ain. Haka kuma an kira Faransa. Da abun ciki - kusan m gubar glaze. Yana kuma bukatar biyu da harbe-harben, da farko kawai karfi sosai, amma a karshen weaker.
• Neglazurirovanny ain ko biskit. Yana yana da saba ain taro.
• Paria. By nauyi ne kusa da taushi ain, shi yana da yellowish ya dafa, trudnoplavky.
• Carrara. White, translucent. Its nauyi - shi ne mai giciye tsakanin dutse kayayyakin da pariyanom.
• Stone kayayyakin. Suna halin a m taro na lafiya-grained. Akwai talakawa da kuma m kayayyakin, yafi fari.

porous

Wannan category hada da:

• M faience. Yana da wani cakuda tsaurin lãka kuma silica. An rufe tare da m shafi. Weight opaque zobe.
• Talakawa earthenware, ko majolica. Wannan ja-yellow taro, wanda bayan harbe-harben da aka rufe olovyanoy opaque shafi.
• Dukiya na kowa da ognepostoyannoy lãka. Wadannan sun hada da tubalin, fale-falen, magudanun ruwa bututu, da dai sauransu
• Hadayu na dutse taro, ko, kamar yadda shi ne ake kira, terracotta. Its abun da ke ciki - da tsarkake lãka da frayed guda na gama kayayyakin. Ana amfani da kayan ado na vases da sauran abubuwa.
• Talakawa kumar kasko. Mass samar daga lãka, lãka Marktl, kuma daga opaque gubar glaze.

Materials for kumar kasko

Don yi tubula, ain da earthenware, dole ne ka yi da wadannan aiki: yin lãka taro, siffar da shi, bushe, ƙone da kuma rufe da glaze. Ainihin abu don yi na kayayyakin - shi ne lãka. Jagora maginan tukwane fi son yin amfani da yumbun maginin tukwane, wanda ya mallaka da ake so danko, kuma ta zafin jiki juriya shi ne manufa domin samar da kayayyakin. Ko da yake lãka kanta mallaka a babban matakin ductility ake bukata ne don ƙara karin kayan saboda gaskiyar cewa a lokacin da harbe-harben da shi ne cikin hanzari da kuma m matsawa, wanda ya jũya samfurin a cikin m abu. Don yin sosai sauki samfurin, bukatar karin yashi, ash, sawdust, domin mafi ingancin kayayyakin bukatar fireclay - foda, wanda aka samar daga murƙushe samfurin.

Domin samar da talakawa kumar kasko baya mined lãka kamata a bar daya ko shekaru biyu a cikin iska sarari ko a cikin ruwa. Bayan da cewa shi canja a katako, kwalaye, a cikin masana'antu yi musamman inji. Wannan mataki shi ne zama dole domin tsaftace lãka, daga duwatsu ko tarkace. Da zarar lãka ne ja daga kwalaye, shi ne folded a tara cewa ana yanka da wuka a bakin ciki farantin. Sake su suna sanya a cikin kwalaye da kuma canja akai-akai, a yi kafararsa da impurities, wanda zai iya zama a kan shi. Higher sa kayayyakin, musamman colorless bukatar gyara da za a daidai tsabtace. Ainihin mulki na kirki talakawa daga lãka - ta homogeneity. Domin ingancin tsaftacewa lãka ne zuwa kashi karami guda, wanda aka shayar da su da ruwa, kuma bayan da rana "otmokaniya" saki a cikin kneading na'ura. A hakora na na'ura tare da m juyawa na yanke lãka, da kuma wani rafi na ruwa wucewa ta cikin ɗakin kwanana, daukan sosai kananan guda a wani musamman pool, manyan zama a kasa. Waha tsaftacewa ga na gaba matakin, inda m barbashi an ajiye, bi da wani jet daukawa su a cikin na biyu pool. Yana lãka ne shafe gaba daya. Wannan fasaha da aka yi amfani da kawai dumi ruwa, saboda shi ne mafi alhẽri cire haɗin guda daga lãka, da kuma tsabtatawa tsari da aka kara da yawa godiya ga ganiya zazzabi.

A rabbai na gyara an ƙaddara ga kowane samfurin dabam. Agitation nufin ila yau yakan faru a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban: bushe, ruwan wukake ko ruwa jiragen sama. A kan samu na wannan uniform taro akwai zauna a manyan yawan maras so kumfa. Wannan matsala ne shafe ko musamman kayan aiki, ko da ƙafãfunsu daga lãka kawai peretaptyvaetsya har da ake so daidaito.

harbe-harben

A wani kunkuntar ji, tukwane - yana da guda lãka, amma wucewa da harbe-harben. Haka kuma, idan muka ce "tukwane", shi ake nufi kayayyakin sanya daga inorganic kayan (sau da yawa clays) da kuma garwayayye daga gare tare da daban-daban Additives, wanda ake samar a high yanayin zafi da kuma m sanyaya.

The harbe-harben tsari farawa komowar canje-canje, bayan da abu ne tuba a cikin tukwane. A high zazzabi fe daga cikin lafiya barbashi auku a cikin wadanda wuraren da suka kasance a lamba.

A samar da ain fasahar sha gagarumin canje-canje. Wannan shi ne saboda daban-daban kayan, da ake bukata zafin jiki da kuma daban-daban kaddarorin da aka gyara. Kowane na da feedstock rabbai, kazalika da wasu zazzabi:

• samfurin lãka - 1000-1200 digiri Centigrade .
• ga yumbu kayayyakin - 1100-1300.
• domin samar da ain - 1200-1400.

Samfurin Technology calcination ne da za'ayi ta hanyoyin daban-daban. Duk da haka, da kona tsari a cikin kiln - shi ne ƙarni, canzawa hadisin. Dangane da yawan zafin jiki da kuma tsawon lokaci da tsari a samu kayayyakin da sãɓãwar launukansa quality. Saboda haka, matsakaicin yawan zafin jiki a makera a samar ba ya canja har ta ƙare samar da wani dukan tsari na kayayyakin.

Bugu da ƙari, bayyanar da ƙãre samfurin dogara da abun da ke ciki na yanayi a harbe-harben gagarumar wuta. Yana iya sa wani mataki na iska hadawan abu da iskar shaka. Amfani da musamman kayyade sigogi za a iya cimma ko da cewa kumar kasko lãka launi canji Daga launin kore zuwa.

da ake ji glaze

Wasu kumar kasko aiki ba a rufe da glaze. Wadannan sun hada da tubalin, rufin fale-falen, terracotta tukwane. A ake kira glazing ne da za'ayi domin kare kumar kasko daga wuce haddi danshi. A wannan sakamakon cimma a cikin tsufa da kuma harbe-harben madara - da hanyar da ba da samfurin wani kyakkyawan bayyanar da ruwa juriya.

Ba mafi tsada kumar kasko glazuriruyutsya raw a lokaci guda da harbe-harben. Wannan ake kira Anting. Jigon wannan mataki ne cewa a lokacin calcination makera jefa gishiri wanda ya jũya a cikin tururi da kuma aka ajiye a kan labarin. A wuri inda shi asashe an kafa fusible fili mai suna tururuwa.

Wani shafi Hanyar ne cewa glaze potolchennoy cikin wani lafiya foda, yayyafa samfurin. Sau da yawa wannan shi ne wani m-sanya kayayyakin: tukwane, bututu da kuma sauran unfired. Kafin mai rufi, wani samfurin shafa gari manna da calcined.

Jigon da uku Hanyar ne cewa pours glaze samfurin wanda yana da daidaito cream. A irin wannan hanya ake rufi m kayayyakin da cewa ba ma sha ruwa. Alal misali, wasu iri ain da earthenware.

Kuma da karshe hanya ne cewa ain da earthenware kayayyakin an sanya shi a cikin wani akwati da glaze. Wannan hanya da aka tsara don cewa samfurin, wanda aka hõre wani rauni da harbe-harben da farko garwaya da ruwa. Glaze ne ƙasa a cikin wani lafiya foda, gauraye da ruwa. A wannan ruwa mai kama da madara ga daidaito, da samfurin da aka sanya, wanda garwaya da cakuda. A irin wannan glaze ne mai yiwuwa a yi wani zane.

art Mafia

A yau kari, daya sami wata hanya zuwa shakata. Daya daga cikin mafi kyau da kuma sabon abu hanyoyin - yi kumar kasko. Akwai hanyoyi biyu don kokarin hannunsa a wannan art. A farko - saya maginin tukwane dabaran da zama dole kayan malami. Tukwane a gidansa - shi ne ba kawai mai salo da kuma gaye, amma kuma wuce yarda fun a gare ku, ku da iyali da abokai. A wannan yanayin, za ka iya jin free artist, kokarin daban-daban siffofi, dangane da video Koyawa.

Na biyu hanya - kumar kasko makaranta. A cikin aji na musamman sababbin, kamar yadda ka yi, ba za ka iya kokarin a kan rawar da kyakkyawa, artist da mahaliccin da sassaka.

Psychologists ce cewa kumar kasko - mai girma hanyar jimre danniya, don zama mafi daidaita kuma m. Art far, bisa ga masana, daya daga cikin mafi kyau hanyoyin da za a magance ciki da kuma sauran neurological cuta. Abin wãsa da maginin tukwane dabaran taimaka shirya tunani, da kai daga qananan kullum hassles da kuma neman hanyar fita daga wuya yanayi. "Full ibada ba zai warware matsaloli, amma lalle shi haƙĩƙa zai taimaka wajen samun hanyoyin da za a warware su", - a daya murya ce likitoci.

Products da hannuwansu

A kowane gidan akwai lãka, yumbu ko ain. A taro samar da wuya a mamaki wani factory jita-jita ko gilashin fure domin furanni.

Tukwane - yana da wuce yarda fun, kuma m kwarewa ga dukan iyali. Za ka iya samun fun, koyi sabon kasuwanci, ci gaba da basira da kuma dexterity.

Ziyarci farko maginin tukwane bita, za ka sami yin nasu tukunya. M malamai yawanci tare da haƙuri ne sabon shiga, sunã shiryarwa da su da kuma taimaka wa a cikin komai. Tukwane taimaka wajen jimre da kananan danniya, da fashewa daga rayuwar yau da kullum. Kuma da kayayyakin da ka sa kanka, zai zama wani lokaci ya zama alfahari da wani nasara a kan kansa. Bugu da kari, bayan da ka yi aiki domin Circle, kuma Ya makantar da tukunya, za ka iya zuwa cin nasa hannun. Ga za ka iya nuna dukkan kwatanci. Wannan samfurin ne cikakken kyauta ga wanda kake auna.

Popular jam'iyyun, ranakun haihuwa da kuma kamfanoni events aka gudanar da irin wannan wani sabon abu zama. Wannan shi ne mai kyau damar magana, don samun sani juna da kuma ganin kerawa na abokai. Bugu da kari, wannan biki, haƙĩƙa, a tuna ta musamman da suka bambanta, asali, da kuma kayayyakin sanya da kansa daga cikin maginin tukwane dabaran, zai zama wani babban kyauta a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar mai ban mamaki rana. Kuma wani zai samu talanti ɗaya tsanani da kuma zai magance wannan al'amari, a nan gaba, don bude nasa gidan kayan gargajiya na kumar kasko. Musamman ji dadin wannan aiki yara. Idan sun kasance mai kyau a sculpting daga lãkã, sa'an nan ka bukatar ka yi kokarin ba da su kumar kasko makaranta. Wannan zai taimaka wajen samar da motor basira da hannayensu, da amfani sakamako a kan yanayi na baby, kuma zai bude m m yaron. Ban sha'awa da kuma ban sha'awa sha'awa tasowa da hankali, da kuma tunanin tunani.

A sha'awa, ko wani business?

A yau duniya kumar kasko ne Popular. Sun kasance a cikin category na kayayyakin da suke ko da yaushe a bukatar da dacewa. Kowane gidan na da kitchen kayayyakinsa, vases, tukwane, da mutummutumai da daban-daban tsarabobi. Ga mutane da yawa ƙarni wannan sana'a, masu tasowa, a cikin wani art, shi ne m, kuma a bukatar. Kuma saboda so kumar kasko ƙara tasowa a cikin wani real kasuwanci. Own kumar kasko ne sosai riba kasuwanci, saboda babban albarkatun kasa - lãka - free abu da a zahiri ya ta'allaka kawai a karkashin, ƙafãfunmu. Beautiful, asali, zanen kayayyakin iya kawo mai kyau samun kudin shiga ga manufacturer. kumar kasko master - shi ne mai sana'a ga rai. Za ka iya sarrafa duniya, samun wani musamman sha'awa, zai zo muku da riba, kazalika da bayyanãwa your kerawa.

Tukwane ne m duk faɗin duniya. Duk da cewa yana da 'yan dubun ƙarni, shi bai taba bari naba fashion.