Masanin kimiyya na Soviet Igor Kurchatov: bayyane, abubuwan ban sha'awa, hoto

Kurchatov Igor Vasilievich shine mahaifin ikon nukiliyar Soviet. Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin halittar da kuma ci gaba da wani zaman lafiya mai zaman lafiya kuma a ƙarshen shekarun 1940 ya lura da ci gaba da fashewar bom farko a cikin USSR.

Wannan labarin ya takaitaccen bayanin hanyar rayuwar masanin kimiyyar Soviet Igor Kurchatov. Bayani ga yara zai kasance mai ban sha'awa sosai.

Matasan likitancin

Janairu 12, 1903 a ƙauyen Simsky Zavod (yanzu Sim) a cikin Urals, Igor Kurchatov aka haifa. Ya kasa shi ne Rasha. Mahaifinsa, Vasily Alekseevich (1869-1941), a lokuta daban-daban ya yi aiki a matsayin mai taimaka wa jariri da mai binciken ƙasa. Uwa, Maria Ostroumova (1875-1942), 'yar wata limamin kirista ne. Igor shine na biyu na 'ya'ya uku:' yar uwarsa Antonina ita ce ɗan fari, da ɗan'uwana Boris - ƙarami.

A 1909, bayan da iyalin suka koma Simbirsk, gidan wasan kwaikwayo Simbirsk ya fara, inda Igor ya kammala digiri daga makarantar firamare. Shekaru uku bayan haka, bayan da ya koma Crimea saboda lafiyar 'yar'uwarsa, an tura Kurchatov zuwa Simferopol Gymnasium. Da farko yaron ya yi nasara a duk fannoni, amma bayan yaro ya karanta littafi a kan ilimin lissafi da fasaha, ya zabi ilimin kimiyyar lissafi kamar kasancewar rayuwarsa. A 1920, aiki a lokacin rana da karatu a makarantar maraice, Igor ya sauke karatun daga wasan kwaikwayo Simferopol tare da zinare na zinariya. A wannan shekarar ya shiga Jami'ar Tavrichesky.

'Yancin aiki

Igor Kurchatov (hoton da aka ba da kara a cikin labarin) yana daya daga cikin mafi kyau a Sashen Harkokin Jiki da Harshe. Godiya ga nasarorin da ya samu na ilimi, an ba shi da ɗayan dalibai nauyin kula da ilmin lissafin jami'a na jami'a kuma an yarda su yi gwaje-gwaje da yardar kaina. Daga wadannan gwaje-gwaje na farkon, Kurchatov ya ba da muhimmiyar fahimtar muhimmancin shaidun shaida don tallafawa ilimin kimiyya, wanda a cikin karatunsa ya kasance da amfani ƙwarai. A shekara ta 1923 Igor ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar tare da difloma a fannin ilimin lissafi, bayan kammala karatun shekaru hudu a shekaru uku.

Motsa zuwa Petrograd

Lokacin da yake komawa zuwa Petrograd, ya shiga Cibiyar Harkokin Kimiyya don zama masanin injiniya. Kamar yadda yake a Simferopol, Kurchatov yayi aiki don koyi da goyan bayan kansa. An shigar da shi a Masallacin Magnitometeorological a Pavlovsk, wanda ya ba shi damar samun rayuwa kuma ya aikata abin da yake ƙauna. Tun da aikin da ake yi a cikin kulawa ya fara daukar lokaci mai tsawo, Kurchatov ya fadi a baya kuma ya bar makarantar a karo na biyu na semester. Tun daga yanzu, ya yanke shawarar mayar da hankali kan ilimin lissafi.

Bayan aiki a matsayin mai bincike a Cibiyar Harkokin Kimiyya ta Baku a 1924-1925. Igor Kurchatov an nada shi a Cibiyar Physico-Technical a Leningrad, wanda ke gaba da nazarin kimiyya da fasahar zamani a cikin USSR. A lokaci guda, a 1927 ya auri Marina Dmitrievna Sinelnikova kuma yayi aiki a matsayin malami a Sashen Ma'aikata na Leningrad da Makarantar Pedagogical. A nan ya yi amfani da mafi kyawun shekaru kuma yayi wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ya fi muhimmanci.

Igor Kurchatov: taƙaitacciyar bayani akan masanin kimiyya

A karshen shekarun 1920 da farkon shekarun 1930, Kurchatov ya dauke shi ta hanyar abin da ake kira ferroelectricity, ta hanyar nazarin dukiya da halaye na kayan aiki a ƙarƙashin rinjayar lantarki. Wadannan karatun sun haifar da haɓaka 'yan kasuwa kuma sun ja hankalinsa ga ilimin kimiyyar nukiliya. Bayan kammala gwaje-gwaje na farko tare da beryllium radiation, taro da rubutu tare da masanin wannan kimiyya, Frederic Joliot a 1933, Kurchatov ya fara aiki mai zurfi don hana ƙarfin atom. Tare da sauran masu bincike, ciki har da ɗan'uwan Boris, ya yi nasara a binciken da ke tattare da isomopodic nuclei, isotopes radioactive na bromine, wanda yake da wannan taro da abun da ke ciki, amma yana da siffofin jiki daban-daban. Wannan aikin ya haifar da cigaba wajen fahimtar tsarin atom a cikin al'ummar kimiyyar Soviet.

A lokaci guda (a cikin 1934-1935) Kurchatov, tare da masana kimiyya na Cibiyar Radium (cibiyar kimiyya da ilimi da aka kafa a cikin USSR a matsayin kwaikwayon irin waɗannan kamfanonin da magoya bayan nazarin radiation da Maria Curie suka kafa a Faransa da Poland), an gudanar da bincike game da tsaka-tsaki, tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsaki , Wanda ba a san shi ba a lokacin. Ana amfani da masu amfani da makamashi masu girma don bombard da tsakiya na wani tashar rediyo, irin su uranium, don raba atomatik kuma don yada yawancin makamashi a yayin da ake amfani da makamashin nukiliya.

Makamai masu iko

A cikin shekarun 1930, masu bincike irin su Joliot, Enrico Fermi, Robert Oppenheimer, da sauransu sun fara fahimtar cewa za a iya amfani da makaman nukiliya, idan aka yi amfani da shi, yadda zai haifar da bam na ikon fashewa. Kurchatov a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masana kimiyyar nukiliyar Soviet na Atos sun dauki jagorancin bincike da gwaje-gwajen a cikin wannan filin. Don dalilai daban-daban, ciki har da rashin albarkatun da yanayin tashin hankalin siyasa na tsarin mulkin Stalinist na wannan lokacin, Soviet Union ya bar sauran kasashen duniya a cikin tseren neman tsoma baki.

Aboki na Alert

Rahotanni game da binciken da aka samu a 1938 na rarraba ginshiƙan da masana Jamusanci Otto Gan da Fritz Strassmann suka baza cikin sauri a fadin al'umman duniya na likitoci. A cikin Tarayyar Soviet, labarin ya taso da damuwa game da yiwuwar aikace-aikace na wannan binciken.

A farkon shekarun 1930, masanin kimiyyar Soviet Igor Kurchatov, wanda hotunansa ya wallafa a cikin labarin, ya haifar da nasarar da take yi na nukiliya na isotopes radioactive na thorium da uranium tare da ƙungiyar masu bincike a Leningrad. A shekara ta 1940, abokan aikinsa biyu sun gano wani ɓangaren ƙananan uranium kuma a karkashin jagorancinsa ya rubuta wani ɗan gajeren labarin game da wannan littafin a cikin rubutun na Physical Review na Amurka, wanda a wancan lokacin shine babban jaridar kimiyya wanda ya wallafa littattafai game da cigaba a bincike na nukiliya.

Bayan makonni da yawa na jira don amsawa, Igor Kurchatov ya fara bincike don wallafe-wallafen yanzu don gano labarai game da gwaje-gwajen nukiliya na fission. A sakamakon haka, ya gano cewa wallafe-wallafen kimiyya na Amurka sun dakatar da wallafa irin wannan bayanan tun daga tsakiyar 1940. Kurchatov ya ruwaito jagorancin Soviet cewa Amurka, don mayar da martani game da barazanar yaki da duniya da tashar Jamus da Italiya-Japan, yana iya kokarin kokarin haifar da bam. Wannan ya haifar da zurfafa bincike a Tarayyar Soviet. Cibiyar Leningrad ta Kurchatov ta zama cibiyar wannan kokarin.

Yanki na Labaran Bahar Maliya

Ƙaddamar da sojojin Jamus a cikin yankin na USSR a watan Yulin 1941 ya rage yawan albarkatun da ke cikin dukkan bangarori na Tarayyar Soviet, ciki har da a cikin al'ummar kimiyya. Yawancin masu bincike da masana kimiyya na Kurchatov sun sanya su don warware matsalolin soja na yanzu, kuma shi kansa ya tafi Sevastopol don horar da jiragen ruwa na jiragen ruwa don yin magance ma'adinai na magnetic.

A shekara ta 1942, kokarin Soviet na Amurka ya tabbatar da cewa aikin Manhattan na cigaba da bunkasa makaman nukiliya. A yayin da masanan kimiyya da 'yan siyasa suka bukaci, Igor Kurchatov ya yi kira daga Sevastopol kuma ya nada babban zanen cibiyar don ci gaba da karfin nukiliya. Wannan cibiyar zai zama zuciyar Cibiyar Soviet ta Atomic Energy.

Masu Gudun Wuta na Rosenbergs

A cibiyar, ƙungiyar Kurchatov ta gina cyclotron da wasu kayan aikin da ake bukata domin sarrafa makamin nukiliya. Bayan nasara gwaji da kuma yin amfani da Amurka a karshen yakin duniya na II, ta atomic ragargaza Tarayyar Soviet don ƙara} o} arin hana US nukiliya barazana. Disamba 27, 1946 Kurchatov da tawagarsa suka gina ginin nukiliya na farko a Turai. Wannan ya sa ya yiwu a samu isomope na plutonium, wanda ya zama dole don ƙirƙirar makaman nukiliya. Ranar 29 ga watan Satumba, 1949, bayan nasarar gwajin gwagwarmayar bam, kungiyar ta USSR ta shiga cikin makaman nukiliya. A watan Nuwamba shekarar 1952, aka za'ayi fashewa da Amirka hydrogen bam, wanda shi ne sau da yawa fiye da iko, da kuma 12 ga watan Agusta, 1953 aka alama ta irin nasarorin da Tarayyar Soviet.

Bayan da aka halicci makamai masu linzami da makamashin nukiliya, Kurchatov ya jagoranci yunkuri a cikin al'ummar kimiyyar Soviet don amfanin lumana na zaman lafiya. Ya taimaka wajen ginawa da gina ginin wutar lantarki. A shekara ta 1951, Kurchatov ya shirya daya daga cikin taron farko na makamashin nukiliya a Tarayyar Soviet kuma daga bisani ya zama wani ɓangare na kungiyar cewa, a ranar 27 ga Yuni, 1954, aka kaddamar da wutar lantarki ta farko a cikin USSR.

Kurchatov Igor Vasilievich: abubuwan ban sha'awa

Wani masanin kimiyya na nukiliya ya kasance mai karfin gaske a cikin magunguna na gwamnatin Soviet. Bugu da ƙari, zama memba a cikin kundin tsarin koyar da ilimin kimiyya na USSR, ya zama dan jaridar Socialist Labour sau uku, ya kasance mataimakin Mataimakin Koli da kuma dan siyasa mai daraja. Gwaninta a matsayin shugaba shi ne kusan kwarewar masanin kimiyya, ya yarda da shi ya jagoranci karin ci gaba da yawa.

Kurshaov ya nuna godiya sosai ga abokan aikinsa a cikin masana kimiyya na duniya. Frédéric Joliot-Curie, lauren Nobel don aiki mai zurfi a cikin wannan filin, ya yi taɗi tare da shi. A cikin ƙarshen shekarun 1950, Kurchatov ya halarci taro na duniya game da makamashin nukiliya, tare da sauran masana kimiyya, da ake kira a dakatar da makaman nukiliya a duniya. Ya kuma yi kira ga dakatar da gwaje-gwajen yanayi. A shekarar 1963, Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Amurka yarjejeniya banning da gwaji na makaman nukiliya a sararin sama, m sarari da kuma karkashin ruwa.

Aikin farar hula na makamashin nukiliya, yayi nazari da kuma bunkasa karkashin jagorancin Kurchatov, ya hada da wutar lantarki (wanda ya fara aiki a shekarar 1954), makamin nukiliya na Lenin. Har ila yau, bincike directed masanin kimiyya Fusion, nishadantarwa tasowa wajen dauke da jini a musamman high zafin jiki da ake bukata don fara da raya kira tsari a cikin wani Fusion reactor.

Kwararrun, ba masanin ilimin ba

Bayan kwana biyu a 1956 da 1957, Kurchatov ya janye daga aikin aiki, ci gaba da shiga cikin fasaha na nukiliya, tare da zane da kuma gina gine-ginen makamashin nukiliya na Soviet. Fabrairu 7, 1960 a Moscow, mai yiwuwa daga zuciya na zuciya, ya mutu Igor Kurchatov.

Tarihin masana kimiyya ba a iyakance ne akan ayyukan da ya ba da ransa ba. Ayyukansa na al'ada masu girma ne kawai na sakandare kuma mafi yawa ana barin su a baya da ayyukan masu gaba da fasahar nukiliya na farkon karni na XX. Sai kawai aikace-aikacen ka'idar a cikin aikin ya yiwu ya bayyana muhimmancin aikinsa.

Bushe daga cikin ruwa

Masanin kimiyya na Soviet Igor Kurchatov ya rayu kuma ya yi aiki a cikin rikice-rikice da rikici na tsarin mulkin Yusufu Stalin. Ya gudanar da tattara kungiyoyin masana kimiyya masu ban mamaki a cikin matsalolin da ke da wuya, kuma, ƙari, don motsa wadannan kwararrun don ƙirƙirar al'umma mai ban sha'awa. Ya ci gaba da zama a cikin ni'ima da kuma daga kurkuku a lokacin da ake amfani da su na tsararren Stalinist na shugabancin kimiyyar kimiyya da siyasa a lokaci guda.

Malam Sakharov

Kurchatov ya kasance a matsayin dukkanin masanan kimiyya wanda ya yi imani cewa wuri mafi kyau don bunkasawa da gwada gwajin jiki shine dakin gwaje-gwaje. Godiya ga irin wannan hali, masanin kimiyya ya ba da hankulan dukkanin masana kimiyya na Soviet su aiwatar da ka'idodin su da ka'idodin su ta hanyar kaddamar da tsari. Ya kasance malamin masana kimiyya masu yawa, ciki har da masanin kimiyyar nukiliya Andrei Sakharov.

Igor Kurchatov ya taimaka wa kasarsa shiga cikin fasahar zamani na rabin rabin karni na ashirin, bayan da ya kafa jagoranci guda biyu na cigaban makamashin nukiliya a Tarayyar Soviet. Idan ya mayar da hankali ne kawai a kan samar da makamai, da zaman lafiya da yin amfani da makamashin nukiliya (nukiliya ikon) zai yiwuwa ba nan da nan ya bayyana.