Maye gurbi a matsayin factor a ci gaba

Maye gurbi tsarin juyin halitta ne daya daga cikin mafi muhimman sassa na raya kasa. A mafi yawan lokuta, da farko yana da wani mummunan sakamako a kan phenotype na mutane. Duk da haka, kamar yadda wani recessive modified alleles ne ba, yawanci a gene wuraren waha a heterozygous genotypes a dace wuri. Bari mu bincika karfafa rawar da maye gurbi aiwatar da juyin halitta.

Overview

Maye gurbi - kwatsam canji a jere tsokani kaifi aikin da sauyi a kayyade kayan. Karshe shirya a cikin wani matsayi na daban-daban abubuwa daga cikin kwayoyin shafukan ba a cikin gene da chromosomes da kwayoyin. Maye gurbi - matsa lamba a kan yawan factor. Saboda shi dabam da mita daya allele dangi zuwa ga wasu.

kyau sakamako

Saboda gaban mutant alleles a gene pool a heterozygous genotype ne cire kai tsaye mummunan sakamako a kan magana da phenotypic hali cewa ba a kula da gene.

Saboda matasan kuzari (heterosis), da yawa maye gurbi a cikin heterozygous jihar akai-akai da taimako zuwa ga fahimcin muhimmancin da kwayoyin.

By adanar alleles, wanda ba su da Na'urar darajar a halin yanzu yanayi na zama, amma suna iya saya shi ko a nan gaba, ko kuma ci gaban sauran muhalli maharibai, kafa ajiye na canzawa.

Ma'anar maye gurbi

Muhimmancin ne saboda a wani m aukuwa kwatsam canje-canje da kuma haduwa daga gare faruwa a cikin tsallaka sabon haduwa da kwayoyin halittu da kuma canji. Wannan, bi da bi, babu makawa take kaiwa zuwa sabawa a cikin kakanninmu yawan jama'a. мутационного процесса состоит в повышении генетической гетерогенности. Da muhimmancin da maye gurbi tsari ne don kara kayyade heterogeneity. Duk da haka, ba tare da sa hannu na wasu dalilai, shi ne ba a cikin wani wuri ya shiryar da canji na halitta yawan jama'a.

элементарного материала, резерва изменчивости. Maye gurbi - tushen elemental abu ajiye canzawa. A bayyanar canji yana da ilimin kididdiga da probabilistic yanayi. Evolutionary muhimmancin aiwatar shi ne ya kula da babban heterogeneity na halitta alƙarya, sa hannu a cikin samuwar daban-daban alleles da zargin sabon genes. Maye gurbi aiwatar halitta da cikakken kewayon canzawa daga wani musamman gene pool. A da akai akai yana ba directional da kuma bazuwar yanayi.

bayani dalla-dalla

происходит на протяжении существования всей жизни. Maye gurbi faruwa ga tsawon rayuwar su. Wasu rikirkida iya faruwa mahara sau a daban-daban kwayoyin. Gene waha ne karkashin m rinjayar da maye gurbi tsari. Wannan ne biya diyya a high yiwuwa ne na hasara a cikin yawan naúrar canji na zamaninsu. оказывает относительно небольшое давление на отдельно взятый ген, при большом количестве последних генетическая структура подвергается существенным изменениям. Ko da yake maye gurbi tsari yana da wani gwada da kananan matsa lamba ga wani mutum gene da manyan yawan 'yan kwayoyin tsarin shigarsu babba canje-canje.

The inji da kuma sakamakon

A sakamakon ci gaba da tsallaka akwai mutane da yawa da haduwa da alleles. Combinatorial Halitta akai-akai nazarin darajar maye gurbi. Sun shiga cikin sabon kwayoyin bayyana a daban-daban genotypic yanayin. The m yawan irin wannan haduwa da kwayoyin abu a cikin wata alƙarya ne babban. Duk da haka, shi ya gane kawai ta rage wani kankanin na rubuce m yawan zabin. Aiwatar da hannun jari da aka ƙaddara da musamman hade da kusan kowane mutum. Wannan factor ne mai muhimmanci sosai ga aiwatar da zabin yanayi.

nuna siffofin

Maye gurbi ne elemental abu juyin halitta. Akwai da dama iri su: ilimin kwayoyin hali, chromosomal, kwayoyin. Daga cikin siffofin na manifestations na maye gurbi kamata ware su expressiveness. Yana nuna mataki na phenotypic mai tsanani. Bugu da kari, da maye gurbi halayyar penetrance. Shi ne da mita na phenotypic bayyananen a daya allele da wani gene a wata alƙarya ko da expressivity.

gene maye gurbi

Su wakilci canji nucleotide jerin. Maye gurbi a cikin wannan hali ya musanya yanayin gene mataki. Yawancin lokaci akwai wani kwayoyin canji, haddasa phenotypic sakamako. Yi tsammani cewa, a wani gene a wani takamaiman batu lambobin da TTC coding for glutamic acid. Lokacin da ya maye gurbin kawai guda nucleotide, ya iya juya a cikin wani codon GTT. Ya ba zai shiga a cikin kira na glutamic acid da kuma glutamine. The asali da mutant sunadarai na gina jiki ne daban-daban, kuma tabbas shi zai sa sakandare phenotypic bambance-bambance da hali. A daidai kwafi na sabon allele zai faru, har irin wannan lokaci kamar yadda wani sabon canji ba zai faru. Lokacin da kwayoyin maye gurbi haka akwai wani jerin ko tururi na homologue abubuwa. Za ka iya yi da fice ƙarshe. A gaban allelic canzawa, a kuma wani gene nufin cewa shi ne a wani lokaci ana mutated.

bugu da žari

Heterozygous diploid genotype, "wani shiru DNA" - duk abin da yake a tarko domin maye gurbi. Lokacin da degeneracy daga cikin kwayoyin code, da rarity na abin da ya faru na rikirkida magana game da reparations. Mutational matakai ya kamata faruwa a data kasance rayayyun kwayoyin halitta a wani mita. Ya kamata ya zama ya isa ya haifar da wani canji da wanda yawan jama'ar za a nuna wani sabon matakin. Maye gurbi da ake samu a daban-daban yawa. Wasu daga cikin su ya shiga cikin tarihi aiwatar da ci gaban rayayyun kwayoyin halitta, bayar da tasu gudunmuwar da samuwar sabon halittun. Maye gurbi ayan faruwa ba tare da wani miƙa mulki, discretely kuma abruptly. wannan canji zai kasance da sau daya barga. An ruwaito zuwa zuriyarsa. Maye gurbi bayyana ba directionally. A wannan canji za a iya maimaita sau da yawa.

The Na'urar darajar

Mafi yawa daga cikin sabon rikidaddu bambanta muhimmanci ƙananan fahimcin muhimmancin fiye da namomin / al'ada irin. Kamar wancan ne aka bayyana a sãɓãwar launukansa digiri, daga dabara to subvitalnogo rabin mutuwa kuma mutuwa yanayin. A cikin bincike na dakushe albarkar da gardama Drosophila rikidaddu bayyana a canje-canje a cikin X chromosome, 90% na mutane da shi ya ƙananan fiye da al'ada. A 10% na lura supervitalnoe jihar - ƙara lamarinsa. A general, da Na'urar darajar da rikidaddu bayyana, yawanci rage. An halin da aikin hidimar morphological siffofin da haihuwa, physiological viability.