Mene ne cytoplasm? A tsarin, abun da ke ciki da kuma kaddarorin da cytoplasm

Mene ne cytoplasm? Mene ne tsarinta da abun da ke ciki? Abin da aiki yake yi? A cikin wannan labarin, za mu amsa a daki-daki, ga dukkan wadannan tambayoyi. Bugu da kari, za mu duba a cikin tsarin fasali na cytoplasm kuma da kaddarorin, kazalika da magana game da rabo daga cikin colloidal bayani, tsarin da cell membranes da kuma salon salula da wasu gabbansa m.

A tsarin raka'a duk tsokoki da kuma sel gabobin. Iri biyu tsarin kungiyar

An sani cewa Kwayoyin za su samar kyallen takarda duk tsire-tsire da dabbobi. Wadannan tsarin naúrar na dukan abubuwa masu rai na iya bambanta a siffar, size har ma da ciki tsari. Amma a lokaci guda suna da irin wannan akida, a rayuwa tafiyar matakai, ciki har da metabolism, girma da kuma ci gaba, irritability da canzawa. A sauki siffofin rayuwa kunshi guda Kwayoyin kuma haifa ta rarraba.
Masana kimiyya sun iri biyu cell tsarin da kungiyar da aka kasaftawa:

• prokaryotic.
• eukaryotic.

Bã su da wani yawa na bambance-bambance cikin tsarin. A prokaryotic cell tsari core ya bace. Ta guda chromosome aka located kai tsaye a cikin cytoplasm, cewa ba a rabu da sauran abubuwa. Irin wannan tsari ne na hali na kwayoyin. Su cytoplasm ne matalauta a cikin abun da ke ciki na Tsarin, amma akwai kananan ribosome. Eukaryotic ne mafi hadaddun fiye da prokaryotic Kwayoyin. Ta DNA aka alaka gina jiki shi ne a cikin chromosomes, wanda aka located a raba kwayoyin halitta - tsakiya. An rabu da sauran wasu gabbansa da wani porous membrane na wani cell da kuma kunshi abubuwa kamar chromatin, da makaman nukiliya ruwan 'ya'yan itace da kuma nucleolus. Duk da haka, akwai wani abu a na kowa a cikin iri biyu salula kungiyar. Kuma prokaryotes da eukaryotes da membranes. Kuma su na ciki abinda ke ciki gabatar na musamman colloidal bayani, wanda ya ƙunshi daban-daban da wasu gabbansa da wucin gadi kunnawa.

Eukaryotic cell: da cytoplasm. Its abun da ke ciki da kuma ayyuka

Saboda haka, da muka je da zuciya binciken na mu. Mene ne cytoplasm? Bari mu duba a cikin mafi daki-daki, wannan cell samuwar. A cytoplasm ne mai gaske bangaren Kwayoyin ayi tsakanin cibiya da jini membrane. Semi-ruwa, shi ne Ribar da tubules, microtubules, microfilaments kuma filaments. Har ila yau a karkashin cytoplasm za a iya gane colloidal bayani wanda aka halin da motsi na colloidal barbashi da kuma sauran gyara. A wannan Semi-matsakaici kunshi ruwa da kuma daban-daban Organic da inorganic mahadi, shirya cell Tsarin, da wasu gabbansa, kazalika da wucin gadi kunnawa. A mafi muhimmanci ayyuka ne cytoplasm. Yana daukawa fitar da rajista dukkan salula gyara a guda tsarin. Saboda da tubules da microtubules cytoplasm na cell yi aikin aiki na kwarangwal da kuma samar da wani yanayi domin physiological da biochemical tafiyar matakai. Bugu da kari, shi na samar da wata dama ga dukkan kwayoyin halitta da kuma bayar da motsi. Wadannan su ne siffofin da cell cytoplasm ne musamman da muhimmanci, kamar yadda suka ba da damar da tsarin naúrar na dukan abubuwa masu rai su gudanar da wani al'ada aiki. Yanzu da ka san abin da cytoplasm. Kamar yadda Masani game da abin da irin matsayi a cikin cell da kuma abin da yana daukan "aikin" aikin. Next mun yi la'akari da abun da ke ciki da kuma tsarin da colloidal bayani a more daki-daki.

Shin akwai wani bambance-bambance a cikin cytoplasm na shuka da dabbobi Kwayoyin?

Membranous wasu gabbansa, located in wani colloidal bayani, gani Golgi na'ura, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes, kuma da matsanancin plastid cytoplasmic membrane. A dabba da shuka Kwayoyin bambanta abun da ke ciki semiliquid matsakaici. A cytoplasm a shuka cell yana na musamman da wasu gabbansa - da plastids. Su ne wani takamaiman gina jiki jikin da ya bambanta a aiki, tsari da kuma launi pigments a launi daban-daban. Plastids suna located a cikin cytoplasm kuma suna iya motsa tare da shi. Suna girma, radiyo da kuma samar da hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi dauke da enzymes. A cytoplasm da shuka cell yana iri uku plastids. Yellowish ko orange kira chromoplasts, kore - chloroplast, da kuma colorless - leucoplasts. Akwai wani halayyar alama - da Golgi hadaddun wakilta dictyosome warwatse ko'ina cikin cytoplasm. A dabba Kwayoyin, da bambanci ga shuka, da cytoplasm na biyu yadudduka samuwa. M kira ectoplasm, da kuma na ciki - endoplasma. A farko Layer ne m ga jikin tantanin, da kuma na biyu - tsakanin su ne porous nukiliya membrane. Ectoplasm aka hada da babban yawan microfilaments - strands na kwayoyin na globular actin gina jiki. Endoplasm ƙunshi daban-daban da wasu gabbansa, granules da kuma halin da ƙananan danko.

Hyaloplasm a eukaryotic cell

Dalili na cytoplasm na eukaryotes ne ake kira hyaloplasm. Yana da wani slimy, colorless, wadanda ba uniform bayani a cikin abin da tafiyar matakai na rayuwa ci gaba da faruwa. Hyaloplasm (a cikin wasu kalmomi, da matrix) ne colloidal tsarin da wani hadadden tsarin. Da tsarin hada da RNA da kuma narkewa sunadarai, lipids, kuma polysaccharides. A yanzu dauke da wani gagarumin adadin hyaloplasm nucleotides, amino acid, inorganic ions, kazalika da mahadi daga cikin irin Na ^- ko Ca ^2+. A matrix yana mai kama tsarin. Samuwa ne a biyu siffofin da ake gel (m) da kuma wani Sol (ruwa). Mutual miƙa mulki tsakanin su faru. A cikin ruwa lokaci akwai wani tsarin thinnest gina jiki filaments kira mikrotrabekulami. An ɗaure duk Tsarin cikin cell. Kuma a wuraren da aka tsallaka wani rukuni na ribosomes. Mikrotrabekuly da microtubules da microfilaments samar da wata cytoplasmic kwarangwal. Yana ma'anar da kuma shirya wuri na duk kwayoyin halitta.

Organic da inorganic abubuwa a cikin colloidal bayani Kwayoyin

Bari mu dubi abin da yake da sinadaran abun da ke ciki na cytoplasm? Abubuwa dauke a cikin cell za a iya kasu biyu kungiyoyin - kwayoyin da inorganic. Da farko gabatar a sunadarai, carbohydrates, fats da kuma nucleic acid. Carbohydrates aka gabatar a cikin cytoplasm na mono-, di- da polysaccharides. By monosaccharides, colorless lu'ulu'u, yawanci zaki da dandano hada da fructose, glucose, ribose da kuma kama. D. Manyan kwayoyin polysaccharides kunshi monosaccharide. A cikin cell, suna wakilta sitaci, glycogen da cellulose. Lipids, Ina nufin mai kwayoyin, kafa sharan na glycerol kuma m acid. cytoplasm Structure: inorganic abubuwa an gabatar da farko ruwa, wanda yawanci nawa zuwa 90% by nauyi. Ta yi aikin a cikin cytoplasm na da muhimmanci ayyuka. Ruwa ne da duniya da sauran ƙarfi, ba elasticity, shi ne kai tsaye da hannu a cikin yunkuri na abubuwa, duka biyu cikin da kuma a tsakanin sel. Game da Macro cewa samar da tushen biopolymers, fiye da 98% na jimlar abun da ke ciki sun shagaltar da cytoplasmic oxygen, hydrogen, carbon da nitrogen. Bayan su, tantanin halitta na dauke sodium, alli, sulfur, magnesium, chlorine da sauransu. A ma'adinai salts ne ba kamar yadda anions da cations, cikinsa da rabo kayyade su acidity.

The kaddarorin da colloidal bayani a cikin cell

Ka yi la'akari da kara, abin da su ne babban fasali na cytoplasm. Da fari dai, shi ne akai cyclosis. Yana da wani kwayuka cytoplasm motsi. An farko rubuce da kuma yadda aka bayyana a cikin 18th karni, da Italiyanci kimiyyar Corti. Cyclosis da za'ayi a ko'ina cikin cytoplasm, ciki har da a tyazhah cudanya da cytoplasm zuwa tsakiya. Idan motsi saboda wasu dalilai tsaya a nan ba - mutu eukaryotic cell. A cytoplasm ne dole a akai cyclosis, wanda aka gano da motsi na da wasu gabbansa. The gudun motsi na matrix dogara a kan daban-daban dalilai, ciki har da haske da kuma zazzabi. Alal misali, a cikin epidermis na albasa Sikeli cyclosis gudun ne game da 6 m / s. cytoplasm motsi a cikin shuka jiki yana da gagarumin tasiri a kan ta ci gaba da raya kasa, da inganta sufuri da abubuwa tsakanin sel. Na biyu muhimmanci dukiya ne danko na colloidal bayani. Yana dabam ƙwarai dangane da irin kwayoyin. Wasu halittu masu rai cytoplasm danko ne kawai dan kadan fi da danko na ruwa, da sauransu, a kan m, a cimma danko glycerine. An yi imani da cewa shi ne dogara a kan metabolism. The m musayar auku, da ƙananan cikin danko na colloidal bayani. Wani muhimmin alama ne semipermeable. A cytoplasm a cikin abun da ke ciki na da iyakance membrane. Su ne saboda na musamman da fasali, suna da ikon selectively wuce kwayoyin wasu abubuwa da ba su miss da sauran. Zababben permeability na cytoplasm taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsari na rayuwa. Yana ba m cikin rayuwa, canza tare da shekaru da ƙaruwa a shuka kwayoyin da kara haske tsanani da kuma zazzabi. Yana da wuya a overestimate da muhimmancin da cytoplasm. Shi ne da hannu a samar da makamashi metabolism, sufuri da na gina jiki, tukar tumbi exotoxins. Yana kuma dauke da wani osmotic shãmaki matrix da aka hannu a cikin tsari na raya ci gaban tafiyar matakai, girma da kuma cell division. Ciki har da cytoplasm taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin DNA kwafi.

Features na cell division

All shuka da dabbobi Kwayoyin ninka ta rarraba. Akwai uku da aka sani da iri - tsaye ba, kai tsaye da kuma Rage. A farko ana kiranta amitosis. Kai tsaye ba multiplication auku kamar haka. Da farko, "pereshnurovyvaetsya" core, sa'an nan da rabo daga cytoplasm faruwa. A sakamakon haka, biyu Kwayoyin suna kafa, wanda a hankali girma da girman iyaye. Wannan irin rabo a cikin dabbobi ne musamman rare. Yawanci, suna faruwa kai tsaye ba division, watau mitosis. Yana da yafi wuya amitosis da kuma halin a cewa akwai aka ƙara kira a cikin nucleus din da anya da adadin DNA. Mitosis yana da hudu bulan, wanda ake kira - prophase, metaphase, anaphase da telophase.

• A lokaci na farko shi ne halin da samuwar da nada chromatin strands a tsakiya, chromosome da baya kamar yadda "studs". A wannan lokaci akwai wani, sãɓã wa jũnamai centrioles da sandunan da kuma kafa achromatin dogara sanda.
• A mataki na biyu na mitosis halin a cewa chromosome, kai matsakaicin Helix fara da za a located a kan ekweita ma'ana Kwayoyin.
• A cikin uku lokaci da tsagawa chromosomes cikin biyu chromatids. A wannan yanayin, da dogara sanda thread yanke kuma ja ya chromosomes zuwa daura sanduna.
• A karo na hudu lokaci na mitosis auku dispiralizatsiya chromosomes da samuwar makaman nukiliya ambulan kewaye da su. A daidai wannan lokaci da rabo daga cytoplasm faruwa. Mun ya cell yana da wani diploid sa na chromosomes.

Rage rabo peculiar zuwa jima'i Kwayoyin. A irin wannan cell multiplication auku samuwar guda biyu chromosomes tsarin. Banda shi ne daya unpaired chromosome. A sakamakon haka, saukarwa rabo a cikin biyu ya Kwayoyin sami rabin chromosome sa. A tsakãtsaki daya ne kawai 'yar cell. Sex Kwayoyin tare da rabin adadin chromosomes, balagagge kuma iya hadi, da ake kira mace da namiji gametes.

A ra'ayi na cytoplasmic membrane

A dukan dabbobi, shuke-shuke, Kwayoyin har ma da sauki kwayoyin da musamman surface naúrar cewa ya takaita da kuma kare matrix daga waje muhalli. Cytoplasmic membrane (plasmalemma, da jikin tantanin, jini membrane) ne a selectively permeable Layer na kwayoyin (sunadarai, phospholipids), wanda yake rufe cytoplasm. Ya kunshi uku subsystems:

• jini membrane.
• nadmembranny hadaddun.
• submembranny musculoskeletal hyaloplasm contractile na'ura.

A tsarin da cytoplasmic membrane ne cewa: ya qunshi biyu yadudduka na sia kwayoyin (bilayer), kowane irin kwayoyin yana mai wutsiya da kuma wani shugaban. Wutsiyoyi suna fuskantar juna. Su hydrophobic. Hydrophilic kai da kuma baƙin da m Kwayoyin. A bilayer hada da wani sunadari. Haka kuma, shi ne asymmetrical kuma daban-daban lipids shirya a wani monolayer. Alal misali, a cikin wani eukaryotic cell cholesterol kwayoyin da ake samu a ciki, m ga cytoplasm, membrane rabin. Glycolipids located kawai a cikin matsanancin Layer, kuma su carbohydrate sarƙoƙi suna ko da yaushe directed m. Cytoplasmic membrane yana da muhimmanci ayyuka ciki har da iyakance ciki abinda ke ciki na cell daga waje yanayi, shi damar shiga wasu abubuwa (glucose, amino acid) a cikin sel. Plasmalemma aikin canja abubuwa cikin cell, kazalika da fitarwa waje, Ina nufin selection. Ta hanyar pores iya shiga ruwa, ions da kananan kwayoyin abubuwa, da m barbashi an hawa cikin cell ta wajen phagocytosis. A surface na membrane siffofin microvilli invagination da diverticulum, wanda ba kawai yadda ya kamata tsotse da kuma sakin abubuwa, amma kuma sadarwa tare da sauran Kwayoyin. A membrane damar da aka makala na "hadin kai na dukan abubuwa masu rai" ga daban-daban saman da facilitates motsi.

Wasu gabbansa a cytoplasm na abun da ke ciki. Endoplasmic reticulum da ribosomes

Bugu da kari hyaloplasm cytoplasm ƙunshi yawa da kuma microscopic da wasu gabbansa da suke da daban-daban a cikin tsarin. Kasancewarsu a shuka da dabbobi Kwayoyin da shawara cewa, da suka yi da muhimmanci ayyuka da kuma muhimmanci. Don wasu har, wadannan morphological ilimi daidai da jikin mutum ko gawawwakin dabbobi, wanda ya ba da damar kiran su da wasu gabbansa. A cytoplasm rarrabe a bayyane a wani haske microscope organelle a platelet hadaddun, mitochondria, da kuma centrosome. Tare da taimakon wani na'urar hange a cikin matrix samu microtubules, lysosomes, ribosomes da jini cibiyar sadarwa. A cytoplasm na cell da aka shiga da daban-daban tashoshi, wanda ake kira "endpolazmaticheskaya cibiyar sadarwa." Su membrane bango a lamba tare da duk sauran wasu gabbansa da dokoki guda tsarin cewa ya yi aikin samar da makamashi metabolism, kazalika da motsi na da abubuwa a cikin sel. A ganuwar wadannan tashoshi ne ribosomes, wanda kama kankanin beads. Su za a iya sanya singly ko a kungiyoyin. Ribosomes kunshi kusan daidai yawan ribonucleic acid da sunadaran. Har ila yau, a cikin abun da ke ciki hada da magnesium. Ribosomes ba zai iya zama a cikin EPS tashoshi, amma kuma free to karya a cikin cytoplasm, kuma ma faruwa a tsakiya, inda suka suna kafa. A sa na tashoshi da ciwon ribosomes ake kira granular endoplasmic reticulum. A kansu, fãce ribosomes suna located enzymes da taimakawa wajen da kira na carbohydrates da fats. A ciki cavities na cell tashoshi ne sharar kayayyakin. Wani lokaci kari EPS kafa vacuoles - cavities cika da cell sap da iyaka membrane. Wadannan wasu gabbansa kula turgor matsa lamba. Lysosomes ne kananan m samuwar. Suna warwatse ko'ina cikin cytoplasm. Lysosomes aka kafa a cikin EPS ko Golgi hadaddun, inda cike da hydrolytic enzymes. Lysosomes aka tsara don nike barbashi a cikin sel a sakamakon phagocytosis.

Cytoplasm: tsarin da kuma ayyuka na ta da wasu gabbansa. Farantin Golgi hadaddun, mitochondria, da kuma centrosome

Golgi hadaddun wakilta mutum shuka Kwayoyin corpuscles ado membranes, da kuma a cikin dabbobin - tubules, kumfa da kuma tankuna. Wannan organoid sunadarai gyare-gyare da kuma m karbo daga cikin hãtimi a cikin cytoplasm na cell secretions. Yana kuma da za'ayi kira na polysaccharides da glycoproteins samuwar. Mitochondria - maraƙi ne sanda-dimbin yawa, filamentous ko granular form. Suna iyakance zuwa biyu membranes, wanda ya kunshi biyu Layer na phospholipids da kuma sunadarai. Daga ciki membranes daga cikinsu tashi cristae, da ganuwar da suke enzymes. Tare da su taimako, da kira na adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondria wani lokaci ana kira "salon salula ikon shuke-shuke" domin sun samar da wani gagarumin rabo daga adenosine triphosphate. Ana amfani da wayar a matsayin tushen sinadaran makamashi. Bugu da ƙari kuma, mitochondria yi wasu ayyuka, ciki har da siginar transduction, cell mutuwa, cell bambantawa. Centrosome (cell cibiyar) aka hada biyu centrioles, wanda aka shirya a wani kwana da juna. Wannan organelle ne ba a duk tsire-tsire da dabbobi (sai dai na farko da ƙananan fungi), kuma shi ne alhakin gano da sandunan a lokacin mitosis. The rarraba cell da aka farko raba centrosome. Wannan suranta achromatin dogara sanda wanda ya kira chromosomes da wasu rubuce bamban ta wajen zura sandunan ɗaukarsa. Har ila yau, ya nuna a cikin kwayoyin halitta da kuma organelle iya zama manufa ta musamman, kamar cilia da flagella. Har ila yau, a wasu matakai na rayuwa ta na iya zama da hada, wato, kashi na lokaci. Alal misali, na gina jiki kamar droplets na kitse, furotin, sitaci, glycogen, da dai sauransu ...

Lymphocytes - key Kwayoyin na rigakafi da tsarin

Lymphocytes - suna da muhimmanci Kwayoyin na zuwa rukuni na fari da maikacin jini na mutane da dabbobi da kuma shiga a immunological halayen. Suna raba da size da kuma tsarin halaye cikin uku subgroups:

• kananan - kasa da 8 microns a diamita.
• matsakaici - diamita na 8 zuwa 11 microns.
• high - fiye da 11 microns a diamita.

Kananan lymphocytes fi yawa a cikin jini dabbobi. Bã su da wani babban tsakiya zagaye, rinjaye a kan ƙarar da cytoplasm. A cytoplasm na lymphocytes a cikin wannan subgroup kama nukiliya baki ko sickle, dab a gefen da zuciyar. Sau da yawa a cikin matrix ƙunshi yawan azurophilic granules na kananan size. Mitochondria, farantin abubuwa na hadaddun da EPS tubules ne 'yan da ake dake kusa da makaman nukiliya kogo. Matsakaici da kuma manyan lymphocytes aka shirya da ɗan daban. Su nuclei ne wake-dimbin yawa dauke da kadan adadin takaice chromatin. Su ne sauki rarrabe nucleolus. Cytoplasmic lymphocytes biyu da na uku kungiyoyin yana da fadi baki. Biyu da aka sani azuzuwan na lymphocytes, da ake kira B- da kuma T-lymphocytes. Da farko kafa a dabbobi a mielovidnoy bargo. Wadannan Kwayoyin suna da ikon samar da immunoglobulins. Tare da su taimako B lymphocytes hulɗa tare da antigens, yarda da karshen. T-lymphocytes Kwatsam daga bargo Kwayoyin a cikin thymus (a yanka cortical part). Waɗannan su ne cytoplasmic membrane surface histocompatibility antigens, kazalika da yawa rabe ta wajen wanda fitarwa na waje barbashi. Kananan lymphocytes yafi gabatar T-lymphocytes (70%), daga cikinsu akwai wani babban yawan dogon-rayu Kwayoyin. Mafiya yawa na B-lymphocytes ne short-rayu - ko'ina daga daya mako zuwa wata.

Muna fatan mu labarin ya kasance m, kuma a yanzu ka san abin da cytoplasm, kuma hyaloplasm plazmelemma. Kamar yadda Masani, abin da suke da ayyuka, tsarin da muhimmanci ga rayuwar na jiki na cell Tsarin.