Mene ne kashin bayan ire zane kwamfuta

Mafiya yawa na yau inji mai kwakwalwa da ake gina a cikin wani takamaiman juna, da ake kira kwamfuta gine - hardware (jiki) da kuma software (ilmin lissafi da kuma ma'ana) kayayyakin aiki, abin da ba ka damar shirin da kuma gudanar da wani zama dole ayyuka na mai amfani. Computer gine ne na waje, nuna da abun da ke ciki da kuma hulda da duk gefe tsarin, da kuma ciki, a cikin abin da ya ta'allaka da tsarin na aiki na bijiro da batun kafa abubuwa na kwamfuta da kanta.

The zane ne tushen da kuma data kasance kwamfuta kafa babban-ire manufa. A m yanayin wannan manufa ta'allaka ne da cewa, samar da gine-gine na da kwamfuta, hažaka shi yana iya zama mai amfani ga kansa, ta hanyar interoperability kuma kowa na da gyara a kwamfutarka. Modularity supplemented kashin, ko kamar yadda shi ne ake kira - qa'ida ta data musayar bas tsakanin kayayyaki da kwamfuta nodes. Wadannan dokoki biyu samar da wani manufa na halittar zamani kwakwalwa - qa'ida ta bude gine. The jiki manufa na bude gine da aka gane ta ajiye a kan tsarin (tsarin) kwamitin daban-daban na'urorin: CPU, video da sauti cards, memory (RAM da ROM). Har ila yau, bas-ire zane da PC, da msar tambayar harsãshin wanda aka tsara a tsakiyar karni na karshe, John von Neumann da shawara cewa, da wadannan ka'idojin sadarwa a tsakanin software aka gyara na da kwamfuta:

• shirin gudanarwa, wanda ya shafi na atomatik kisan processor umarnin, kuma a cikin wasu jerin.
• homogeneity memory hada da ajiya da kuma dokokin da kuma bayanan a cikin wannan wuri.
• addressability, bisa ga abin da memory na kwamfuta da aka halitta a matsayin sa na ƙidaya Kwayoyin isa da processor.

An fito da bas-ire zane damar da kwamfuta don ƙirƙirar kusan musamman sigogi na na'urar sanyi (ba shakka, a cikin fasaha sigogi na ta bangaren sassa da su karfinsu), da kuma samar da wani babban Hanyar watsa bayanai tsakanin wadannan sassa. Wannan musayar yana da za'ayi ta hanyar amfani da uku raznorazryadnyh tayoyin (multiconductor Lines). Lokacin da wannan bas nisa dogara a kan bit zurfin da processor. A data bas da aka tsara don tabbatar da watsa bayanai, a biyu kwatance: daga processor zuwa wani kwamfuta na'urar da daga na'urar da processor.

Adireshin bas bada damar da processor naúra da kuma ƙwaƙwalwar cell aiki ne kawai a unidirectional yanayin - daga processor da na'urar.

Ikon bas watsa sakonni da kuma dokokin da sarrafa Hakika na musayar bayanai da kuma lokaci na musaya tsakanin daban-daban kwamfuta nodes. Jiki dauke bas-ire zane kwamfuta aiwatar ta hanyar tsarin bas, wanda ta samuwa ramummuka (haši) ya haɗu tare da kwamfuta na'urar. tsarin bas nagartacce kamar yadda fasahar canza. A halin yanzu, ya fi na kowa da irin tsarin bas ne a PCI bas. A tsarin bas da na'urorin da alaka da shi, da kuma samar da kashin, wanda ya ambaci a cikin suna main-ire zane na kwamfuta.

Mutane daya-daya kwamfuta kayayyaki masu rai da alaka da kashin amfani da masu kula da adaftan, su aiki a matsayin shirin da installing direbobi cewa halitta yanayi na tsarin aiki don samun damar hardware tsarin da kwamfuta da kuma mayar.

A misali sa na zamani kwamfuta ya hada da:

• wani video adaftan (for nuni connection).
• serial mashigai COM1 da COM2 (linzamin kwamfuta da kuma modem).
• a layi daya tashar jiragen ruwa (don a haɗa a firintar).
• keyboard kula.

Kamar yadda da shawarar da babban-kwamfuta module manufa na yi, da sauran peripherals da na'urorin za a iya haɗa ta kwamfuta ta installing ƙarin adaftan.