Mene ne kudin? Rasha Currency. dollar Currency

A Italian kalmar "kudin" a cikin Rasha da harshen, shi ne a tsakiyar XVIII karni. A farko da ya nufi "biyan bashin da dokar," amma a tsakiyar XIX karni, ya samu wani sabon ma'anar - "da monetary tsarin na jihar, tare da goyon bayan zinariya." A wannan labarin, za mu bayyana abin da mai kudin.

Overview

Banknotes, tsabar kudi, taskar bayanin kula, wanda suke shari'a m, kuma su ne tushen da monetary tsarin na jihar, kira kudin. A cikin iyali lexicon, wa'adi ne mafi sau da yawa amfani da kudin na kasashen waje a jihar. Don rarrabe tsakanin wadannan biyu Concepts amfani da wadannan tsarin rubutu:

• rufaffiyar kudin aiki cikin jihar.
• reversible za a iya yi musayar ga monetary raka'a na wata kasa.

ago

A kowace kasa akwai wani kasa da kasa da kasashen waje ago. Kudin Rasha - rubles, abin da suke a wurare dabam dabam, janye daga wurare dabam dabam, da kudi a cikin asusun na bankuna a Rasha Federation da kuma kasashen waje, wanda aka gane a matsayin hanyar biyan kudi. A kasa kudin da ake amfani da ciki lissafi, da kuma kasashen waje - ga kasa da kasa. Na biyu shi ne kudi da suke a free wurare dabam dabam, ko su kebe daga shi, amma suna da wani wajen biya a} asar waje, ko kungiyar kasashen. Ga kasa da kasa ma'amaloli bukatar musanya kudin a kan tushen da wajabta mana. Wannan shi ne farashin daya kudin da aka bayyana a monetary raka'a wani State. A hanya an saita bisa wadata da kuma bukatar da a cikin kudin kasuwar. Dukiya a kan shi ne ago: rubles, daloli, yen, da sauransu. Rates na cikin gida da kuma kasashen waje bambanta a daban-daban kwatance. A Fall na kudin wani ciki kudin take kaiwa zuwa wani raguwa a farashin da fitarwa da kuma shigowa da karin tsada.

barga musayar kudi

Bisa ga digiri na zaman lafiya na darussa ya kasu kashi da karfi da kuma kasawan. Hard kudin goyon baya da zinariya ajiye, shi ne resistant ga darajar sauran monetary raka'a. Domin karfi Characteristically wuce haddi na kasuwa farashin kan fuska darajar. Rauni kudin kasa resistant zuwa musayar kudin kasashen waje rates na wasu ƙasashe. Its kasuwar kudi a kasa daidai. A wannan kudin ne a yi da karfi da kuma rauni a kan ago na kasashe daban-daban.

The na aikin musayar kudaden da kasashen waje ago kan ruble kafa Babban Bankin kowane aiki rana. Za su shiga cikin karfi a kan gaba kasuwanci rana bayan shiga da kuma shi ne inganci har kara sanarwa. Wadannan bayanai suna buga a yanar na Bank of Rasha. Duk da haka, wajibi ne daga bankunan saya ko sayar da kudin a wannan kudi a can. Ga mutane da kuma shari'a abokai irin wadannan bayanai ne da shiriya kawai. Don samun ainihin musayar kudi za su yi amfani da kudin Converter. Yana za a iya samu a wani banki.

Features na monetary raka'a

Yanayi da kuma tallace-tallace ne sun fi mayar dogara a kan saka da cewa an kafa ta jihar da kuma halin convertibility zaɓi. Yana da wani takamaiman kasafin kudi gwamnatin da damar waje tattalin arziki ayyukan a cikin shakka daga cikin musayar na kasa kudin ga kasashen waje. A cewar wannan nuna alama rates na bankuna ne zuwa kashi uku kungiyoyin.

iri convertibility

Da yardar kaina canzawa kudin (SVK) da yardar kaina musayar ga ago na sauran kasashe, kazalika da wajen biya ana amfani da lissafin a cikin kasa da kasa aiki. A duniya yi, babban halayyar yawa ne:

• babu wani laifi a cikin musayar;
• wani m musayar kudi.

CRS da ake amfani da canja wurin a cikin kasa da kasa biyan bashin tsarin (CLS). Yana damar mutane da kuma kasuwanci da za su gudanar ma'amaloli ba tare da musayar na kasa kudin a wani canzawa.

Bayan aikatã game da wannan tambaya na da JMC, zuwa tambaya na abin da kudin ne partially canzawa da kuma rufe (ba canzawa).

Na farko shi ne kudin da wasu hani a kan yawa a cikin wani musamman yankin, domin wasu mutane, ko kuma da dama iri ayyukan. Kira ba canzawa kudin, wanda, tattalin arziki ko na siyasa, gwamnatin ta dakatar da musayar for banknotes na wata kasa.

A cikin partially canzawa kudin ware ciki da waje yawa. A karkashin farko tana nufin da ikon da kasashen waje don canja wurin yardar kaina da kudin kasashen waje. Inner yakan haifar da da dama na 'yan kasa da kuma kamfanonin saya kudin kasashen waje domin ma'amaloli. Domin gabatarwar convertibility na Jihar zai ɗauki dace dokar.

abũbuwan amfãni daga cikin JMC

Bayan aikatã game da tambayar abin da kudin da cewa shi ne da yardar kaina canzawa, zuwa tambaya na abin da amfãnin shi ya ba wa jihar. A ranar, da free yawa ne m da tattalin arziki ikon kasar. ICS damar jihar don ƙirƙirar sharadi gwargwado ga inganta ma'auni na biya, shaida na tattalin arziki da 'yanci, ta inganta ci gaban kasa da kasa gasar, don haka da cewa kamfanonin suna da inganta yadda ya dace da samar.

A irin wannan yanayi, kungiyoyi zasu samu rance a cikin kudin na kasashen waje a jihar. Kara kuzari waje tattalin arziki aiki: ta rage kudin hadarin na karuwa fitarwa da kuma shigo da kayayyaki. Amma a lokaci guda, da Yunƙurin a farashin da shigo da take kaiwa zuwa wani ragewar darajar kuɗi na kasa kudin. A gabatarwar da ICS ya shafi jihar a cikin kasa da kasa rabo daga aiki, kara inflow na waje babban birnin kasar, kazalika da simplifies da hanya ga ma'amaloli.

Yanayin samuwar turnaround

Wadannan sun hada da:

• ganawa da bukatar samar a kasuwa.
• kasancewa daga cikin bukata adadin ruwa dukiya.
• halittar wani ajiye asusun.
• gaban daidaita BOP.
• Jihar kasafin kudin gaira, idan wani, kada wuce 5% na GDP.
• gudanar da wani m farashin siyasa ba tare da hargitsi, amma a cikin ra'ayi na dokar darajar.
• gudanar da wani m bashi siyasa a wani m sha'awa kudi da niyya] a] e.
• gabatarwar tasiri gasar dokokin tare da wani ra'ayi zuwa dokar ta-monopolization na tattalin arziki.

duniya ago

Saboda liquidity da kuma tasirin da kudi kasuwa zuwa kasashen waje ago yawa ana kira bakwai monetary raka'a:

• Yuro.
• Amurka dollar.
• Kanad, Austria da kuma Swiss daloli.
• Japan yen;
• Swiss Franc.

A cikin wadannan kudade ne kara yawan kwangila, sau da yawa suka yi kasuwanci a cikin Forex kasuwa.

Babban fasali na duniya kudin:

• high liquidity.
• solvency.
• rate kwanciyar hankali.

Suna amfani da su haifar da reserves. Global kudin rates suna da nasaba. A faduwar farashin na daya daga su qara kudin na sauran. Kuma mataimakin versa.

Mai kasashen Turai suna da nasu kudin da babban bankin, wanda tsara manufofin kudi. A shekarar 1996 ya kafa wani monetary jam'iyya, wadda ta 2014 riga haɗa kan bangaskiya kasashe 18. A Yuro yankin dubawa da Turai Babban Bankin. Kudin aiki a cikin wannan wuri, - Yuro. Tun 1999, da Yuro da ake amfani da cashless biya. Tun 2002 - for tsabar kudi biya. Yau, da Yuro na fafatawa da dollar cikin sharuddan yawa, da hannun jari a cikin halittar reserves.

Wani Popular duniya kudin - Amurka dollar. Shi ne hanyar biyan kudi a fiye da ashirin a} asashen duniya. A karshe rabin karni da dollar - daya daga cikin kafofin ga halittar wani ajiye kudin. Nan da nan bayan yakin duniya na biyu, ya kore Birtaniya kore.

A yen da ake amfani da ma'amaloli a Asiya. Biya a cikin kasa ago na Japan fiye da dollar ko Yuro.

Aƙalla 5% na musayar reserves kafa a fam Sterling. UK National kudin ne daya daga cikin barga a duniya.

The Australian dollar ne Popular a Sydney Stock Exchange.

A Kanad dollar ne mafi sau da yawa amfani lissafin a kan kayayyaki mu'amala da yashi ciniki, karafa da kuma makamashi.

Rasha kudin - CRS

Don ruble zama cikakken reversible, dole ne a goyan bayan wani abu m. A ka'idar, Rasha ta tattalin arziki, ta kiyasta m masana a matakin qarshe, zai iya zama daidai da wannan. Amma a yi, a mafi idon basira zaɓi - samar da jihar na ruble. Launch na wani canzawa kudin da cewa ba a kulla gwamnatin shaidu, kamar yadda ya yi da dollar daina faru. Yuro a matsayin duniya kudin har shi riko provisionally jihar matsayi.

Tabbatar da CRS jihar matsayi yana nufin cewa Rasha shi ne na farko da ake bukata dole ne su biya kayan albarkatun. Wancan ne, da taro na ruble a duniya dole ne ku ƙẽtare kudi tsaro na kasar. Ganin cin hanci da rashawa, a kowane rukuni na gwamnati don tabbatar da shi ne quite wuya.

Duk da haka, gwamnatin Rasha ta dauka duk matakai don sa ruble da matsayi na ICS. Kwanan nan, da babban bankin Rasha ta sanar da niyyar cikakken auku a kan ruble. Wannan "tunani" da sauran bashi cibiyoyin, ciki har da Sberbank. Rasha kudin iya nan da sannu za a kunshe a cikin jerin Cigaba da nasaba warware Bank. Ya na amfani da CRS lissafin. The Bank of Rasha ya ƙaddamar da aikace-aikace da CLS, amma amsar ba.

summary

Banknotes bayar da daya kasar, amma ana amfani da hanyar biyan kudi a cikin wasu kasashe sun nuna babban matakin ci gaban jihar. Fi dacewa, banki bayanin kula da tsabar kudi da ya kamata a da goyan bayan da doka matsayi na kasa ko ta kasa da dũkiya, da yardar kaina musayar for banknotes na wasu ƙasashe. Wannan abin da kudin ne da yardar kaina canzawa a duniya.