Mene ne mallakar gwamnati kamfanin: fasali, amfanin. Rasha ta jiha mafi girma-manyan kamfanoni: List, Ratings

Tattalin arziki na kowane jihohi ya dogara ne akan ci gaba da kamfanoni daban-daban, wanda a sakamakon kudaden shigar da su zuwa haraji na kasar nan ya haifar da daidaito a karshen. Kasancewa da kuɗi a cikin ƙasa, ta biyun, shine garantin rayuwar jama'a na ci gaba, tabbatar da tsaro, mutuncin kasar, da ci gaba da kwanciyar hankali. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan asusun samun kudin shiga a kowane lokaci a ƙasashe masu tasowa sune kamfanonin mallakar ƙasa, jerin waɗanda za mu yi cikakken bayani tare da ku a cikin wannan labarin. Wadannan kamfanonin suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tattalin arzikin kasa, kuma wani lokaci ma suna da matsayi na matsayi a cikin nasu.

Ma'anar kamfanin kamfanin

Wadannan kungiyoyin kudi na iya zama daban daban a cikin kwarewarsu, amma a gaba suna da wasu kamance. Saboda haka, kamfanin na jihar shi ne kungiyar da za ta iya samun kowane tsari da doka. A lokaci guda, dukiyarsa ta ainihi mallakar ko dai ta hanyar jihar ko ta gari. Managers an nada su posts (aiki a kan kwangila) jama'a hukumomi. Ya kamata a lura da wannan kuma: Kamfanin na jihar ba a koyaushe ba ne kawai ta hanyar bincike don samo asali mafi girma ba, amma kuma yayi ƙoƙari don biyan bukatar bukatun jama'a a duk lokacin da zai yiwu, saboda sunan ƙungiyar da aka bayyana ya nuna cewa jihar ita ce babban mahimmanci na aikin mai halitta da mabukaci.

Sharuɗɗa na gari

Duk wani kamfani na jihar:

• An zamar masa dole ya yi hãtimi a kan wanda aka nuna a jihar alama na Rasha Federation. Har ila yau, cikakken sunan kungiyar ya kamata a zana a hatimin.
• Yana da asusun ajiyar asusun ajiya a cikin Baitulmalin Tarayya kuma yana da hakkin ya buɗe bayanan tsararraki tare da hukumomin banki ko sauran ɗakunan kuɗi don ma'amaloli daban-daban.
• Babu hane-hane akan tsawon lokacin ayyukansa.
• Dole ne a wallafa rahotanni cikakke game da ayyukan da doka ta bayar.
• Yana da hakkin yin aiki domin ya samar da kuɗi daga ayyukansa, wanda aka halicce shi. Bayan biya duk kudade da haraji da aka bayar da dokokin na yanzu, kamfanin zai iya amfani da sauran kayan na nufin cimma burin da Dokar Tarayya ta tsara.
• Ba dole ba ne a amsa tambayoyin da Rasha ta dauka. A halin yanzu, Rasha ba ta da alhakin biyan bukatun kamfanin.

Hakoki

Ƙungiyar hukuma na iya, bisa ga doka,:

• Bude sauran ofisoshin wakilai kuma ku kirkira wasu rassan.
• Yi mamba na ƙungiyoyi da wasu kungiyoyi na kungiyoyi.
• Shigar da kwangilar doka.
• Yi samfuranku (pendants, flags, emblems, wasu alamomi) da kuma daidaita tsarin da aka sanya shi da kuma amfani da kayan aiki da motocinsa.

Abubuwan da ke da amfani ga ma'aikaci

Sau da yawa, kamfani mallakar mallakar, wanda samfurori za a lissafa a ƙasa, ba zai iya bayar da albashi mai girma ga ma'aikatanta ba (ƙananan hukumomi zasu iya yin hakan). A lokaci guda, aiki a kan irin wannan ƙungiya zai faru ba tare da wata hanya ba daidai da Dokar Labarun Ƙasa ta Rasha. Hakan kuma, ga wani matsakaicin mutum wannan zai nufin cewa:

• An tabbatar da shi ya karbi rikodin a littafinsa. Har ila yau, za a yi yarjejeniyar kwangila tare da shi.
• Daga albashi, duk takardun da aka buƙata da kuma biyan kuɗin da aka wajaba ga kasafin kuɗin kasa za a rike su akai-akai, wanda ke nufin cewa ba'a da'awar da za a yi a harajin haraji.
• Za a sami damar izinin biya na shekara-shekara, izinin iyaye, izinin lafiya.
• Ba za a sake shi ba tare da bin dukkan ka'idoji da ka'idojin da doka ta tsara ba (za a yi musu gargadi a gaba, za a biya biyan kuɗi, da sauransu).
• Ranar aiki zai zama al'ada, biya don aiki da aiki a kwanakin kashewa za a bayar bisa ga doka.

Har ila yau mahimmanci shi ne cewa masu neman aiki na kamfanonin gwamnati suna ba da umurni da matsananciyar bukatun zamani fiye da kowane tsari na masu zaman kansu. Wannan shi ne gaskiya ga mutane fiye da arba'in, waɗanda ta hanyar halin yanzu suna cikin hadari game da aikin.

Yanayin yamma

A da yawa jari hujja kasashen yammacin ɓangare na duniya na tsawon lokaci, akwai wata xabi'a siffa daga cikin barga, wanda shi ne kamar haka: matasa da farko gina sana'arsu da kuma tabbatar da kanka mai kyau abu tushe don nan gaba a cikin zaman kansa kamfanonin da Enterprises. Bayan haka, a shekaru kimanin shekaru 40-45, suna canza ayyukan aiki kuma suna motsawa zuwa kamfanonin mallakar jihar, waɗanda halayensu suka ba da izini ga mutum ya huta, saboda a cikin irin wadannan kungiyoyi akwai kasafin makamashi ga ma'aikaci, da kuma kyakkyawan fensho da tsaro, wanda ke da tasiri Rayuwa mai kyau da rayuwa. Bugu da ƙari, kamfanonin gwamnati ba su nuna tallace-tallace a kan wuraren da suke da shi ba a cikin sararin yanar gizo kuma yawanci suna aiki tare da juna tare da musayar musayar aiki da ayyukan gari.

Dokokin don ƙirƙirar

Halittar doka ta kafa tsarin kamfani. A lokaci guda, wajibi ne a samar da kwamiti na gudanarwa (hukumar kulawa) na kamfanin (duka biyu su ne babban kwamandan gudanarwa).

Ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta wannan ƙungiyar zata iya magance waɗannan batutuwa:

• Tabbatar da shirin na kamfanin na dogon lokaci. Wannan takarda ya kamata a samar da kayan aiki, kudi, alamun zuba jari, idan an kafa wannan doka ta tarayya.
• Don amince da ka'idodin ma'aikatan ma'aikata, wanda ya kamata ya ba da tabbacin samun albashi a kan matakin nasara na alamomi na ainihi.
• Ƙayyade hanya don yin amfani da ribar kamfanin.
• Yi yanke shawara game da canja wurin wani ɓangare na dukiya na kungiyar zuwa asusun ajiyar kuɗi na rukunin Rasha.

Har ila yau, babban kundin yana da 'yancin kafa kwamitocin musamman da kwamitocin don magance matsaloli daban-daban. An tsara tsarin aiki na tsarin halitta da mahimmancin su da yawa da ƙayyadaddun tsari ta ƙayyadaddun tsari na hukumar kulawa.

Kamfanoni na jihar a cikin tattalin arzikin kasar

Kamfanonin mallakar ƙasar Rasha sun kasance manyan mukami a wurare masu yawa na tattalin arzikin kasa na Tarayya. Duk da haka, akwai sassa inda gaban jama'a cibiyoyin ne sosai low (misali, ci karafa, haske da abinci masana'antu).

Sai kawai kashi 9 cikin dari ne na tsarin jihar a samar da giya. Wannan ya yiwu ne kawai godiya ga Tatspirtprom da Bashspirt.

Haka kuma adadi mai mahimmanci - 9% - yana da mahimmanci ga kamfanonin mallakar jihar da kuma aikin.

Hanya na shigarwa cikin tasirin jihar a cikin masana'antun kwalliya da takarda shine kimanin 12%. Rashin kudin da aka samu zuwa ɗakin ajiyar kuɗi ne kawai ta hanyar ɗayan kasuwancin kasa - FSUE Gosznak. Babban kamfanoni a wannan yanki sun mallaki kamfanoni da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu shekaru da yawa.

Kamfanonin sadarwa ba su da tasirin tasiri ne kawai na 14%. Ƙungiyar babban kungiya a nan ita ce Rostelecom. A ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2011, kamfanonin yanki takwas na Svyazinvest da kuma yawan FSUE sun shiga wannan.

Tattaunawar jihohi a cikin samar da motocin motar, dakin motsa jiki da trailers yana da kashi 17 cikin dari, kuma a cikin halittar kayan aiki da kayan aiki - 15%.

Matsanancin rauni na rinjaye na jihar a cikin hakar nau'o'i daban-daban na ƙananan ƙarfe da ƙarfe. A nan, kamfanonin mallakar jihohi suna da kashi 3 cikin dari kawai a cikin bangarori masu ba da ƙarfe. A lokaci guda, mutane masu zaman kansu suna da cikakkun nauyin gyare-gyare.

Samar da mai. Kasar ta mallake kashi 23% na masana'antun. Gudanar da jihohi ne saboda dukiya na Rosneft da Gazpromneft.

Kayan aikin lantarki na wutar lantarki yana da tsarin kashi na 35%. Babban rabo shine a yankin Moscow (Mosenergo, MOESK) da kuma tsarin tarayya.

Ganin cewa jihar na da fiye da rabin hannun jari na Gazprom, kasar ta mallake 48% na masana'antun gas.

57% - yawancin kamfanoni ne na kamfanoni a cikin samar da jiragen ruwa, sararin samaniya da jirgin sama. A gwamnati ta wuri ne da karfi a cikin Ufa Engine Industrial Association, Kazan helikofta Shuka, wani jirgin sama ma'aikata a Ulan-Ude, da United Shipbuilding Company.

Babban rinjayar manyan kamfanoni a cikin masana'antar sufuri - 73%. A nan, tashar jiragen ruwa, man fetur da gas za su kasance a gaba. Ana gudanar da zirga-zirga na Railway daga OJSC na Railways, wanda mallakar shi ne mallakar gaba daya. Ana amfani da man fetur ta hanyar Transneft, kuma Gazprom yana sarrafa gas ɗin mai.

Hanyar sarauta

Kamfanin kamfanin "Rukunin hanyoyi na Rasha" ya kafa kuma yana aiki ne kawai don aiwatar da ayyukan da abokin ciniki ke tsarawa, gina, sake gina, gyaran gyare-gyare da kuma kiyaye hanyoyin. Kamfanin ne ma tsunduma a cikin kungiyar na zirga-zirga (ciki har da kwarara iko da kai), don tabbatar da zama dole matakin na sabis (gudu, ta'aziyya, aminci), da kudin domin yin amfani da kuɗin fito hanyoyi, lura da arziki na kiyaye haɗari a hanya, bincika abin hawa aiki halaye na hanyoyi . Bugu da ƙari, tsarin jihar yana ba da shawara, aikin injiniya da kuma wasu ayyuka a cikin yanayin aikinsa. Ayyukansa sun hada da ayyukan bugawa da aka tsara don ƙirƙirar tashar hanyoyi na hanyoyi na Rasha. Kamfanin ya kirkiro, gabatarwa da kuma amfani da hanyoyin da ke sabawa don daidaita hanyoyin hawa, da kiyaye wajan haɗari a hanyoyi. Tare da wannan, kungiyar tana da hakkin ya gabatar da wajan ma'aikatansa kyauta ga waɗanda suke gudanar da ayyukansu a hanyar kulawa da hanyoyi.

An yanke shawarar samar da kamfani a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2009. Dalilin aikinta shine Dokar Tarayya wadda Dmitry Medved ya sanya hannu.

A 2014, jihar kamfanin "Rasha Hanyoyi" ya cimma yarjejeniya tare da Rasha Direct Investment Asusun kan hadin gwiwa don jawo hankalin masu zuba jari a cikin daban-daban ayyukan da Sphere na kai kayayyakin more rayuwa. Kwamitin da aka baiwa ya ba da izinin ƙara yawan kundin tsarin gina sababbin hanyoyi a kasar karkashin kulawar jihar. Kwamitin ya ba da damar jawo hankalin masu zuba jari daga kasashen waje akalla 25% na kudade na aikin.

Ranar 24 ga watan Yuni, 2016 a birnin Beijing, tattaunawar da aka yi tsakanin kwamitin hadin guiwa na rukuni na rukuni na rukuni na kasar Rasha, wanda shugaban Avtodor, Sergei Kelbakh, ya halarta. Sakamakon taron shine amincewa da jerin abubuwan da suka fi dacewa don bunkasa kayan aikin mota. Saboda haka, musamman, an biya kulawa ta musamman don gina hanyar "Turai - Western China". Wannan aikin na ɓangare ne na cibiyar sadarwa ta hanyoyi masu girma. A cikin wannan tsarin duniya, kamfanin rukunin Rasha shine mai aiwatarwa, wanda zai gina kusan kilomita 2.3 na hanyoyi. Wannan aikin ya haɗa da matakai biyu. Na farko shi ne kilomita 567 na hanyar m-11 (Moscow-Saint Petersburg). Mataki na biyu shi ne daga Tsakiya ta Tsakiyar Tsakiyar zuwa iyakar kasar ta Kazakhstan.

Giants na Rasha Spaces

Mafi yawan kamfanonin jihar a Rasha, sune wadannan kungiyoyi wadanda suka fi dacewa da sanin yanayin tattalin arziki na dukan ƙasar. Sabili da haka zai zama daidai ya yi la'akari da jerin waɗannan titan. Daga cikinsu akwai:

• "Rostechnologies".
• "Rosatom".
• RusHydro.
• Kamfanin Tarayya na Tarayya na Ƙungiyar Wuta.
• Rosneft.
• "Gazprom".
• Gyara.
• RAO "Harkokin Makamashi na Gabas".
• Aeroflot.
• Kamfanin Aircraft Corporation.
• "Railways na Rasha."
• "Almaz-Antey".
• Ƙungiyar Shipbuilding ta United.
• Kamfanin Armament Corporation.
• "AvtoVAZ".
• Kamfanin soja-masana'antu "Ƙungiyar Kimiyya da Ayyukan Kasuwanci na Gidan Gini".
• Cibiyar ta SP Korolev Rocket da Space Corporation.
• Kamfanin hadin gwiwa mai suna "Alrosa".
• "Vega".
• Damuwa "Makamai masu ruwa karkashin ruwa - Gidropribor".
• Cibiyar fasahar fasahar jirgi da gyaran jirgin.
• Roskhimzashchita.
• "Kamfanin Kimiyya na Kimiyya" Uralvagonzavod "mai suna F. E. Dzerzhinsky."
• Damuwa "Oceanpribor".
• "Harkokin Tsaro na Bayanai" wanda ake kira bayan Academician MF Reshetnev.
• United Industrial Corporation Oboronprom.
• "Microgen".
• FSUE "Tallan sarari".
• FSUE Rasha Post.
• FSUE Television ta Rasha da Radio Broadcasting Network.
• Irkutsk Power da Electrification JSC.
• Mai amfani da tsarin Intanit Energy System.
• Sheremetyevo International Airport.
• Koltsovo Airport.

Duk waɗannan kamfanoni masu yawa a cikin jihohi a Rasha suna karkashin jagorancin hukumomi na tarayya da kuma kwamiti akan manyan fasaha da sababbin abubuwa. Anyi wannan don ci gaba da aiwatar da shirye-shiryen ci gaba da dama.

Babban matsayi na jihar

Ƙididdigar ka'idar kamfanoni na mallakar ƙasa, wanda asusun mafi girma na rinjayar gwamnati, zai kasance kamar haka:

1. United Aircraft Corporation (UAC). Kamfanin na jihar yana cikin ɓangaren injiniya. Jihar na da 93.4% na hannun jari. An haifi kamfanin a shekarar 2006. Da farko, duk kashi 100% na hannun jari sun mallaki sassan jihar, amma a shekarar 2009 an sayar da wani ɓangare na hannun jari ga mutane masu zaman kansu.
2. "Alrosa" ita ce mafi girma a cikin kasar. Jihar na da 90.9% na hannun jari.
3. "Tattelecom." Gwamnati ba ta mallaka kamfani ne kai tsaye ba, amma godiya ga rike Svyazinvestneftekhim. A lokaci guda kuma, 87.2% na hannun jari suna cikin gwamnati.
4. Rosneft yana ƙarƙashin bincikar gwamnati. Jihar na da kashi 82% na hannun jari.
5. Kamfanin makamashi "UES" shine mafi kyawun kula da Hukumar Gudanar da Bayanin Gida (79.55%).
6. Gyara. 78.11% na babban hažžožin da aka samu a yanzu shi ne mallakar jihar.
7. Bank "VTB". "Rosimushchestvo" ya sayi 75.5% na hannun jari.
8. "Kubanenergo" Kamfanin da ke da alhakin samar da wutar lantarki zuwa wurare na Olympics na Sochi ya kasance kashi 70 cikin 100 na jihar.
9. RusHydro. Rabawar Hukumar Kulawa da Abincin Tarayya a kamfanin shine 60.5%.
10. Inter RAO. Ƙasar tana da kusan 60% na hannun jari.
11. Aeroflot shine cikakken memba na kungiyar SkyTeam, wato 51.17% na mallakar jihar.

A ƙarshe: muna fatan cewa, wannan labarin ne har yanzu iya taimakõn ku fahimci abin da jihar na kamfanin yau, abin da babban m halaye da kuma abin da kaso na hallara a gaban Rasha.