Mene ne tutiya? Formula tutiya fili. tutiya

Daya daga cikin karafa da cewa an bude wani dogon lokaci da suka wuce, amma a wannan rana bai rasa ta munasaba yi amfani da godiya ta zuwa ga ƙwarai Properties ne tutiya. Its jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties damar yin amfani da kayan cikin daban-daban rassan fasaha da kuma rayuwar yau da kullum. Ya na da wani gagarumin tasiri a kan mutum kiwon lafiya.

A Brief History of bude kashi

Mene ne tutiya, mutãne sun san kafin mu zamanin. An sa'an nan koyi yin amfani da gami dauke da wannan ƙarfe. Masarawa amfani tama dauke da jan karfe da kuma tutiya, da kuma su Fused shirya sosai m, hadawan abu da iskar shaka resistant abu. iyali abubuwa da aka samu, jita-jita sanya daga wannan abu.

Sunan tutiya da aka samu a cikin rubuce-rubucen na likita Paracelsus a XVI karni AD. A daidai wannan lokaci da karfe rayayye fara amfani da Sin gyare-gyaren da ya tsabar kudi. A hankali, da sanin abu da kuma ta mai kyau fasaha Properties na gwamnatin rikon kwarya a Turai. Sa'an nan a Jamus, Ingila sun kuma koyi cewa irin wannan tutiya da inda za a iya amfani.

Brass ya kasance daya daga cikin farko da suka fi shahara gami, amfani da tun lokacin a Cyprus, kuma daga baya a Jamus da wasu ƙasashe.

Sunan zo daga Latin zincum, amma etymology ne m. Akwai da dama versions.

1. Daga cikin German zinke, wanda fassara a matsayin "The Island."
2. Daga cikin Latin zincum, wanda ke nufin "farin faci".
3. Persian "Cheng", watau dutse.
4. Jamus zinco, wanda fassara a matsayin "plaque", "wani eyesore".

Yau da sunan abu ne samu kawai a farkon na XX karni. Muhimmancin tutiya ions a cikin mutane da aka bayar da rahoton kwanan nan kawai (XX karni). Kafin wannan, babu cututtuka da wannan kashi ba a haɗa.

Duk da haka an san cewa a zamanin da, al'ummai da yawa amfani da soups da nama rago a matsayin dawo da kayan aiki daga wani rashin lafiya da kuma ga speedy kyautatuwa. Yau zamu iya cewa da sakamako ne saboda tutiya ions, wanda a cikin wannan tasa ƙunshi sallama mai yawa. Ya taimake mayar da jini wurare dabam dabam, taimaka gajiya da kunna kwakwalwa aiki.

Tutiya Sinadarin: halaye

Wannan kashi ne dake cikin lokaci-lokaci tsarin a karo na biyu kungiyar, biyo baya subgroup. A jerin lamba 30, tutiya nauyi - 65,37. The kawai m da hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar +2. A lantarki sanyi na cikin matsanancin zarra Layer 4s ^2.

A Table Tutiya, jan, cadmium, chromium, manganese da yawa wasu - shi ne miƙa mulki karafa. Wadannan sun hada da duk waɗanda a cikin abin da electrons zauna cikin matsanancin da predvneshny d kuma f makamashi sublevels.

Rikidar karafa hada da platinum kungiyar da kuma (zinariya, iridium, palladium, platinum, osmium, da sauransu). Domin dukkan su halin da samuwar hadaddun mahadi, a cikin abin da suka yi aiki a matsayin mai complexing wakili tare da daban-daban daidaituwa lambobi. Duk wannan shi ne halayyar da rabi a karkashin shawara da mu.

Akwai biyar da sauƙi barga isotopes da taro lambobi na 64 zuwa 70. ⁶⁵ Zn - rediyoaktif, da rabin rai na 244 days.

Tutiya a matsayin mai sauki abu

Mene ne tutiya a cikin saba form? Yana - ƙarfe, da na azurfa blue, da sauri ya rufe tare da wani m oxide fim a kan iska. Saboda wannan, ga alama cewa ba shi sosai m. Duk da haka ya zama dole a cire fim, kamar tutiya farfado Properties na duk karafa - kyau halayyar luster da haske.

A yanayi, a samu a cikin abun da ke ciki na da yawa ma'adanai da kuma ores. Saboda haka, ya fi na kowa wadanda su ne:

• tutiya blende, ko sphalerite.
• kleyofan.
• marmatit.
• wurtzite.
• smithsonite.
• calamine.
• tutiya
• willemite.
• franklenit da sauransu.

Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na gauraye ores Tutiya da aka yawanci samu tare da m sahabbai, kamar:

• thallium.
• Germanium.
• indium.
• gallium.
• Cadmium.

A cikin duka, da karfe lissafinsu 0,076% na duniya ta ɓawon burodi. Shi ne dan kadan ya fi girma fiye da tagulla. Har ila yau, 0,07 MG / l na abu kunshe ne a cikin seawater.

Formula a matsayin mai sauki abu na tutiya - Zn. Kyakkyawan crystal raga, nauyi. A irin sinadaran bonding - karfe.

jiki Properties

Yana yiwuwa a designate da dama halaye.

1. Launi - srebristo blue.
2. Yawa - 7.13 g / cm ^3.
3. Narkewa batu - 420 ^{° C} (tana nufin wani rukuni na low-narkewa karfe).
4. Karkashin al'ada yanayi - gaggautsa abu.
5. Tafasar batu - 906 ° ^C.
6. Lokacin da ya kona wa 100-150 ^{° C} qara tauri da kuma ductility, za a iya kerarre na waya da kuma tsare mirgina.
7. Fiye da 200 ^{° C} ne sauƙi ƙasa a launin toka foda, rasa sassauci.
8. Yana da wani m shugaba.
9. A thermal watsin ne mai kyau, kazalika da zafi iya aiki.

Irin wannan jiki sigogi da damar yin amfani da wani karfe da sauran abubuwa a mahadi. Alal misali, yadu da aka sani tutiya gami - plated tagulla.

sinadaran Properties

Karkashin al'ada yanayi, da karfe yanki rufe wani surface nan take maras ban sha'awa grayish-fari shafi - tutiya oxide. Wannan ya zo daga gaskiyar cewa oxygen a cikin iska instantaneously oxidizes m abu.

Idan wani dogon lokaci su ci gaba da wata, tsattsarkar karfe a bude gumi iska, za a ta hallaka ta mataki na carbon dioxide. A matsayin mai sauki abu na tutiya reacts tare da:

• halogens.
• chalcogens.
• oxygen.
• acid.
• alkalis.
• ammonia da kuma ammonium (ta salts).
• weaker karafa.

Yana ba amsa tare da nitrogen. Idan muka dauki cikakken chemically m tutiya, shi ba ya amsa tare da wani abu daga cikin jera abubuwa.

A fili yake cewa tutiya - ƙarfe amphoteric. A halayen da alkalis suranta hadaddun mahadi - gidroksotsinkaty.

mahadi na tutiya

dama manyan Categories wanda za a iya ambata:

1. tutiya silicide.
2. Ternary carbide jinsunan - Ni ₃ ZnC.
3. tutiya halides (chloride, fluoride, iodide, bromide).
4. Sulfide, selenide, tutiya arsenide.
5. Phosphide da boride.
6. Ammine gidaje kafa tare da karfe maida martani tare da ammonia bayani.
7. Cyanides, thiocyanates da thiosulfates zama a matsayin m gidaje a ruwa-ruwa bayani.
8. Oxide da tutiya hydroxide - amphoteric mahadi amfani da shiri na gidaje gidroksotsinkatov.

Mafi yawa daga cikin mahadi daga cikin kashi amfani a cikin sinadaran masana'antu ko wasu masana'antu (injiniya, iyali syntheses, Paint masana'antu).

Tutiya oxide ne yadu amfani a magani. Ya na da mai kyau anti-kumburi effects, dan kadan da ta kafe, kuma ya kashe kwayoyin cutar. Saboda haka, yana da ake amfani da kayan shafawa domin lura da kuraje, blackheads, kuraje da kuma sauran fata cututtuka.

tutiya salts

Kusan duk da salts da cewa ba su ninki biyu ko hadaddun, watau dauke da wani extraneous launin ions - a colorless crystalline abu. A mafi m cikin sharuddan adam amfani ne da wadannan wadanda.

1. Tutiya chloride - ZnCL _2. Wani sunan ga dangane - soldering acid. Azahiri wakiltar fari lu'ulu'u, garwaya da danshi a cikin iska. Amfani ga tsaftacewa karfe saman kafin soldering, samar da zaruruwa, a batura, domin impregnation na itace da magani a matsayin disinfectant.
2. tutiya sulfide. White foda, hanzari yellowing lokacin tsanani. Yana yana da babban narkewa batu, sabanin wani m karfe. Amfani a samar da luminescent mahadi amfani da fuska, bangarori da kuma sauran abubuwa. Yana da wani semiconductor.
3. tutiya phosphide - na kowa guba amfani ga yin kawar da wadda take cin dabbobi (mice, berayen).
4. Smithsonite, tutiya carbonate ko - ZnCO _3. Colorless crystalline fili, insoluble a ruwa. Ana amfani da a cikin petrochemical masana'antu, kazalika a cikin halayen da samar da siliki. Shin mai kara kuzari a cikin kwayoyin kira, amfani da matsayin taki ga ƙasa.
5. Tutiya acetate - (CH ₃ COO) ₂ Zn. Colorless lu'ulu'u, readily mai narkewa a cikin duk kaushi na kowane irin. An yadu amfani da biyu a sinadaran da kuma a cikin likita da abinci masana'antu. Amfani da su bi nozafaringita. Ana amfani da matsayin abinci ƙari E650 - freshens numfashi, ya hana bayyanar plaque a kan hakora a lokacin da wani ɓangare na abin taunawa. Ana amfani da wa etch dyes, tsare itace, robobi da sauran kwayoyin syntheses. Kusan a ko'ina taka rawar da wani mai hanawa.
6. Tutiya iodide - fari lu'ulu'u amfani a radiography, kamar yadda electrolyte a batura, kamar yadda wani fenti ga lantarki microstudies.
7. Black ko duhu-kore lu'ulu'u, wanda ba za a iya samu ta hanyar kai tsaye kira, kamar yadda tutiya da nitrogen ba amsa. An kafa daga karfe ammine. A high yanayin zafi shi decomposes don saki tutiya, duk da haka amfani da nunarsa.
8. tutiya nitrate. Colorless hygroscopic lu'ulu'u. A amfani da tutiya a cikin wannan tsari ne da za'ayi a cikin yadi da kuma fata masana'antu domin etching kyallen takarda.

tutiya gami

Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, akwai fi na kowa tutiya gami - tagulla. Wannan ya aka sani tun da mafi zamanin da da kuma ake rayayye amfani da mutane don haka ya zuwa yanzu. Mene ne wannan?

Brass - shi ne jan karfe da kuma tutiya, wanda suke a cikin jituwa da dama sauran karafa, imparting ƙarin mai sheki, ƙarfi kuma bijirewarsu gami. Tutiya a cikin abun da ke ciki kamar yadda wani alloying kashi, jan - kamar yadda wani asali. Material launi rawaya, m, amma a waje a rigar muhallin m bakanta. Da narkewa batu na game da 950 ^{° C,} za su iya bambanta dangane da abun ciki na tutiya (da ya fi girma shi ne, ƙananan da zazzabi).

The abu ne da birgima cikin zanen gado, shambura, welded lamba Hanyar. Yana da kyau fasaha bayani dalla-dalla, don haka fita daga gare ta sanya wadannan abubuwa:.

1. Machine sassa da daban-daban fasaha na'urorin.
2. Hannayen riga da stampings.
3. Kwayoyi, kusoshi da kayan aiki.
4. Kayan aiki, bushings, lalata resistant sassa daban-daban halaye na sufuri.
5. Watch sassa.

Yawancin mu dauke da karfe samar a cikin duniya da ke a kawai da samar da gami.

Wani irin intermetallic fili - tutiya antimonide. Formula ya Zn ₄ SB _3. Wannan gami ana amfani matsayin semiconductor transistors, thermal imagers, magnetoresistive na'urorin.

Babu shakka da amfani da tutiya da ta mahadi yadu da kuma kusan ko'ina. Wannan ƙarfe kuma rare kamar tagulla, aluminum, da azurfa, da zinariya, manganese da na baƙin ƙarfe. Its darajar ne musamman high fasaha dalilai kamar anticorrosive abu. Bayan duk, aka rufe da daban-daban tutiya gami da kayayyakin domin neman kariya daga wannan halakar da na halitta tsari.

A nazarin halittu rawa

Mene ne tutiya cikin sharuddan magani da kuma ilmin halitta? Ko da shi yana da muhimmanci ga rayuwar kwayoyin da kuma yadda mai girma shi ne? Sai dai itace cewa tutiya ions kawai dole ne su kasance ba a talikan. In ba haka ba, da kasawa zai kai ga wadannan sakamakon:

• anemia.
• rage insulin.
• allergies.
• nauyi asara da kuma memory.
• gajiya.
• ciki;
• illa wahayi.
• irritability da sauransu.

Babban wuraren taro na tutiya ions a cikin jikin mutum - shi ne da pancreas, hanta da kuma tsokoki. Har ila yau, shi ne karfe part of yawancin enzymes (misali, carbonic anhydrase). Saboda haka, mafi yawan catalysis ya auku tare da sa hannu na tutiya.

Me daidai yi da ions?

1. Da hannu a cikin kira na namiji hormones da maniyyi.
2. Inganta sha na bitamin E.
3. Da hannu a cikin tsakiyan nonon mata na barasa kwayoyin a cikin jiki.
4. An kai tsaye da hannu a cikin kira na da yawa hormones (insulin, girma hormone, testosterone da sauransu).
5. Daukan bangare a jini samuwar kuma waraka daga lalace nama.
6. Yana shirya mugunya sebaceous gland, tana goyon bayan da al'ada ci gaban da gashi kuma kusoshi, da inganta harkokin regenerative tafiyar matakai a cikin fata.
7. Yana yana da ikon kawar da gubobi daga jiki da kuma ƙarfafa tsarin na rigakafi.
8. Ana rinjayar da samuwar dandano da wari.
9. Yana daukan bangare a cikin matakai na kwafi, metabolism na bitamin A, nucleic kira da rashin lafiya.
10. Shi ne mai takara a duk matakai na girma da kuma ci gaba na sel, kazalika da rakiyar aiwatar da gene magana.

Duk wannan sake tabbatar da yadda muhimmin kashi ne da karfe. Its rawa a nazarin halittu da tsarin da aka bayyana ne kawai a cikin XX karni. Matsaloli da yawa kuma ya sãme a baya iya an kauce masa idan mutane su na sane da magani ta yin amfani da kwayoyi bisa tutiya.

Ta yaya za mu ci gaba da hakkin adadin wannan kashi a cikin jiki? Amsar a bayyane yake. Kana bukatar ka ci abinci ke dauke da tutiya. Jerin iya zama dogon, don haka mu ambaci kawai waɗanda a cikin abin da matsakaicin yawan kashi a tambaya:

• kwayoyi da tsaba;
• wake.
• nama.
• abincin teku, musamman oysters.
• hatsi da kuma burodi.
• kiwo kayayyakin.
• ganye, kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itãce.

adam amfani

Mun riga kaddamarda a gaba ɗayansa, a cikin abin da masana'antu da kuma sassa na masana'antu amfani da tutiya. Farashin wannan karfe, kuma ta gami shi ne wajen high. Alal misali, a tagulla takardar da wani size of 0.6 x 1.5 da aka kimanta a cikin kimanin 260 rubles. Kuma da gaskiya da haka, saboda ingancin littattafai ne babban isa.

Saboda haka, ƙarfe tutiya, da cewa shi ne, a matsayin mai sauki abu da ake amfani da:

• shafi da lalata a kan baƙin ƙarfe da karfe kayayyakin.
• a batura.
• bugu.
• kamar yadda a rage wakili da kuma mai kara kuzari a cikin kwayoyin kira.
• a metallurgy ga kadaici da sauran karafa daga mafita daga gare ta.

Tutiya oxide da ake amfani ba kawai ga kwaskwarima dalilai, wanda muka ambata, amma kuma a matsayin filler a roba, kamar yadda wani farin pigment a Paints.

Game inda daban-daban tutiya salts ana amfani da, muna gaya wa a cikin shawara na wadannan mahadi. Babu shakka cewa overall tutiya da abu - shi ne mai muhimmanci da kuma muhimmanci a masana'antu, magani da sauran masana'antu aka gyara, ba tare da wanda da yawa daga cikin matakai ba zai yiwu ba, ko mai tsanani kange.