Mene ne wani gleiser? Yanã garwaya glaciers. Inda ake da kuma yadda glaciers kafa?

Shin, ba ka san cewa wannan duniya tamu ne cikin goma sha kashi da karkararta aka rufe da kankara? Na'am, wadannan bayyane daga sarari, fari yankunan rufe wani yanki na fiye da 16 murabba'in kilomita miliyan. Saboda haka, duk da ƙararrawa muhalli wanda rike magana game da xumamar duniya, da Duniya ne har yanzu sun fi mayar da icebound. Sun dauke da kimanin kashi biyu bisa uku na duka sabo ne ruwa - kuma wannan shi ne miliyan 25 cubic kilomita na kankara. Masana kimiyya sun lasafta cewa idan duk shi ya narke, duniya teku matakan zai tashi da dubun mita, wanda zai kai ga babbar halaka da kuma lalata da dukan al'ummai. Amma abin da yake a gleiser? Iya a snow slide, ina ba- da ruwa, da ake kira da wannan sunan m? A wannan labarin, za mu ga yadda glaciers aka kafa, da yadda suke rayuwa da kuma inda suka mutu. Muka yi la'akari da ma'anar da sharuddan kamar harshen, firn moraine. Kuma mu koyi yadda glaciers suna classified bisa ga daban-daban kundayen.

Mene ne wani gleiser: definition

Encyclopedias, kamus da kuma litattafan da ya sha bambam bayyana wannan lokaci. Kuma wannan ba sarari. Alal misali, da wadannan definition: "The taro ƙasa halitta kankara yanayi asalin, wanda yana da m motsi, ya sa ta hanyar karfi na nauyi." Bari mu yi kokarin bayyana a cikin m harshen abin gleiser. An matsa ƙarƙashin da kansa nauyi na snow cewa accumulates a tsawon shekaru a yankunan da low yanayin zafi (Zapolyarniy latitud da kuma high-tsawo zone), sa'an nan, da karuwa a cikin juz'i na nunin faifai zuwa wasu yankunan (a cikin kwarin, a cikin tẽku). Idan wannan bayani alama ba ka fahimta, sa'an nan mu rastolkuem sauki. Akwai wuraren da zafin jiki ne ko da yaushe a kasa sifili. Yanayi akwai da dama a cikin m siffan: snow, sanyi, sanyi, da sanyi girgije. Cumulatively, suna matsa ƙarƙashin da kansa nauyi, kuma an kafa gleiser. Ya fara rayuwa da nasa rai, ko bude zamiya harsunansu icebergs.

Snow, firn, kankara

A duwãtsu, sau da yawa ya kawo ganin yadda a kan kore kwaruruka karuwa fari kololuwa. Amma lokacin da hunturu zo cikin da kansa a cikin sama ya kai, shi ba ya nufin cewa glaciers aka kafa. Da farko dusar ƙanƙara kamar icing sugar, priporoshit saman, kuma haske da Fluffy. Saboda ta bude tsarin, shi iya a mai tsanani. A da rana ko a lokacin rani (idan yana da matukar high ko kusa da Duniya ta zura sandunan) Fluffy snowflakes ya narke. Sai suka daskare a sake. Amma wannan ba shine tsohon fishnet alama. Snowflakes cikin m bukukuwa - firn. Wannan grit tara a tsawon shekaru. Ƙarƙashin da kansa nauyi firn fara Ivy sake ta sauya tsarin. Ga mu zo da wani fahimtar abin da gleiser. A definition wannan lokaci ne Game da na uku, karshe lokaci canji m hazo.

rarrabuwa

Mutane sun dade mamakin abin da yake glaciers. Da masu bincike gano cewa, kowane daga cikinsu na da Geophysical da hydrothermal fasali. Saboda haka, akwai bukatar ga rarrabuwa na glaciers. Da farko, akwai wasu savanin a cataloging. A wasu ƙasashe, la'akari da morphological halaye, da sauran hukunci sharudda sun hydrothermal halaye. Akwai yanzu World Tracking Service for glaciers. Wannan iko kasa da kasa jiki ma'anar abin da ake nufi da gleiser, da kuma yanke shawarar da ya da kungiyar da kasida WGMS shi nasa. Duk da haka, kaddamar da wani sabon shiri a kan rarrabuwa da na halitta abubuwa - GLIMS. A kasar shi ne har yanzu amfani da kasida Tarayyar Soviet glaciers.

iri glaciers

Dangane da samuwar na yankin, talakawa suna zuwa kashi taurare snow surface (shafi), ma'adinai da kuma na cikin teku. Nau'i na farko na da most yankin. Wadannan glaciers aka kafa a kusa da dogayen sanda. The most ne Antarctic murfin. Its yankin - fiye da 13 murabba'in kilomita miliyan. A gaskiya ma, cikin gleiser maida hankali ne akan dukan nahiyar Antarctica. Na biyu wuri a kan Square daukan rufe Greenland - 2.250.000 ^km2. Mountain glaciers kuma ake kira mai tsayi. Suna kafa a yankunan na altitudinal zonation. Da suka faru ba kawai a cikin Alps, amma kuma a cikin Himalayas, da Caucasus, kuma ko da a Afirka (Dutsen Kilimanjaro). Amma da kankara shelves - menene wannan? Daskarewa zuwa kasa daga m iyakacin duniya latitudes. Wani lokaci glacial harsunansu zamewa cikin ruwa da kuma can an yanke ta samar da icebergs. Su iya yi ƙaura, ɗauke da iska da kuma na yanzu, domin da yawa daruruwan kilomita daga wurin haihuwa. The most dutsen kankara a duniya da aka located a gabashin tekun na Antarctica. Wannan shi ne Lambert gleiser. Its tsawon shi ne 700 kilomita.

A tsarin da gleiser

Masana sun gano snow taro a yankuna biyu: wadata ko jari, da kuma ablation. Sun rabu da abin da ake kira snow line. Sama da shi da adadin m hazo ya wuce Naira Miliyan Xari da danshin da kuma narkewa. Kuma a kasa da snow layi na gleiser fara, ko sannu a hankali, amma mutuwa. Bayan duk, da kalmar "ablation" da aka fassara daga Latin kamar yadda rushe, da irin kãmu. Zaka kuma iya bayyana hanyar da cewa wani gleiser da tsarinta. Wannan firn filin - wani yanki inda dusar ƙanƙara ke ta metamorphosis. Tashi daga shi harshe. Zamiya saukar a yankin tare da tsananin yanayi, da suka narke, ciyar da dutsen tabkuna da kõguna. Amma kamar yadda gleiser harshe da wata babbar salla, su matsi akwatin duniya, kora a gaban boulders jan duwatsu. Irin kayayyakin ne "Gudun-a" ya kira moraines.

Glaciers a kan tafi

Harshe motsi gudun dogara a kan al'amurra da dama. Shin muhimman hakkokin ƙasa. Alal misali, a cikin wani lebur Antarctica, inda low yanayin zafi kunna dukan nahiyar a cikin wata babbar gleiser snow filin, gleiser tsiro ne kawai a tsawo. A Layer kauri a wasu wurare kusan kilomita biyar! Kuma a nan a cikin Alps slide harsuna da hamsin mita a kowace shekara. The fi sauri ne gleiser Columbia a kan Alaska Larabawa. Its gudun ne da gaske ban mamaki - ashirin mita da rana! Motsi harsunansu na ƙullunku kwaruruka, wanda sũ ne ake halittãwa scraping kasa. Wani lokaci glaciers iyaka firn filin: shan da mota - ciki a arewacin spur da dutsen, da dusar ƙanƙara nauyi kawai ya narke a cikin rani da kuma "tsira" har da hunturu aka riga matsa.

Mene ne pulsating glaciers

Wani lokaci da nauyin da snow ba za a ko'ina. Masana kimiyya kira shi da wani "matattu kankara". Amma wani lokacin a cikin dusar ƙanƙara taro fara samun m matakai hade da sake fasalin kudin da tsauri yanayin. A total taro na kankara ba ya canja. A gogayya na gado ne tsaga tubalan. Wannan sa lokaci-lokaci (pulsed) canje-canje a cikin kudi na gaba na harsuna. Suka fara "gudãna daga ƙarƙashinsu" hanzari, haddasa hallakaswa kankara zauna. Akwai wasu mita na wannan kwatsam canje-canje. Saboda haka, masana kimiyya zo up da Kalmar "pulsating glaciers." A mita irin wannan sauyi canji iya zama daban-daban. Alal misali, Caucasian Kolka gleiser hatsaisai kamar sau daya a kowace shekara 50 (1902.1969, 2002), da kuma Pamirs Bear - kowane guda goma (1963, 73, 89).

taro balance

Wannan shi ne babban halayyar da gleiser, ban da ta yanki, da tsawon da harshe da kuma sauri. taro balance - menene wannan? A gleiser tsiro a cikin sanyi a lõkacin da ta sami wani babban adadin m hazo da kuma rage bazara. Weight of snow juya a cikin firn da cewa ya fadi daga baya surface a watan Agusta har sai ƙarshen sanyi, hunturu ne ake kira balance. Haka kuma, a lokacin rani - wannan shi ne nawa narke kankara daga vernal zafi har sai da na farko snow. Amma da shekara-shekara taro balance - Naira Miliyan Xari da jari da kuma ablation.