Mene ne wani sailing jirgin ruwan? Gudãna-shirin. Mnogopalubnoe manyan sailing jirgin

Ba jima da mutãne tashi sama da matakin na dutse kulob din da kuma fara gano a duniya kewaye da mu, an fahimci nan da nan abin da al'amurra alkawari a teku hanyoyi saƙonni. Haka ne, ko da kogin, da ruwan da za su iya zama da sauri da kuma gwada amince motsa, taka leda a grand rawa wajen ci gaban na zamani na kasar.

The darajar da mutum sailing

Mun sani ba, kuma mafi kusantar ba zai iya sanin yadda da kuma inda ya bayyana farko sailing jirgin ruwa. Amma kawai abu daya ne wasu - mutumin da ya ƙirƙira shi, a cikin tasiri a nan gaba da wayewa daidai da kirkiro na ƙafa. A karshen, ta hanyar, ma, ba mu sani ba, amma da memory na shi na har abada ne. Tanã gudãna jirgin, ta hanyar, shi ne ake kira da jirgin, kore ta karfi da iska.

Yana sailboats sanya shi yiwuwa a ci gaba da wayewa. A farko na zamanin d mariners wanda daidai ƙware ma'adanin na "kamawa iska" ya fara Helenawa da yiwu da Sumerians. Daga bisani, da dabino dauki Phoenicians da Vikings, wanda bisa ga halin yanzu gudanar da bincike, zo zuwa ga tudu a kan su Drakkar zuwa Coast na Arewacin Amirka dogon kafin Columbus. Saboda haka a sailing jirgin ruwa - na yanayin sufuri da mutum na farko haye Atlantic da Pacific, a kan irin jiragen ruwa Magellan zuwa circumnavigate farko "yawon shakatawa".

A farko "sailboats"

A farko jirãge iya gudãna, sun iya galleys. Yana duk fara da sauki kwale jiragen na zamanin d Misira, da kuma kare ... an yi imani da cewa na karshe jiragen ruwa da irin wannan aka yi amfani da bayan da sabuwar dabara na tururi engine, don haka abin da suke bauta wa, mutãne ne dõmin wani dogon lokaci.

Galleys aka jiragen ruwa tsara aiki na musamman a cikin yanayi na jihar bakin teku shallows, da Masarawa, da kuma duk suka kasance sau da yawa lebur-bottomed. Hakika, fice a seaworthiness ba su da irin wannan jirgin ruwa. Gudãna da suka yi da mafi m, a mike, bari tafi a iska kawai a lokacin da karshen yake wucewa. Saboda haka abin da muka bayyana a kasa ne iri na sailing jiragen ruwa da galleys ba su samar. Bayan duk, la'akari da su a matsayin cikakken fledged sailing tasoshin ba zai yiwu ba.

Nau'in sailing jiragen ruwa

Daga baya shipbuilders ƙware da duniya fiye da more fasahohi, kyale su su gina jiragen ruwa tare da ƙara mafi seaworthiness. Ya kamata kai ga shafukan da wannan labarin, mai sauki rarrabuwa na jiragen ruwa don ci gaba don kauce wa rikice:

• The jirgin (jirgin ruwa mai filafilai). Eh, ba kowane tafiya jirgin za a iya kira don haka. Saboda haka aka kira kawai ne ga waɗanda jirãge cewa yana da uku masts. Sail - kawai shiryar, amma a kan mizzen, haka ma, akwai kuma "yankansu" kayan aiki, ba ka damar tafiya tacks. Abin da ya fi iri sailing jiragen ruwa?
• Burke ya kuma kira da jirgin tare da uku masts, amma na farko da biyu ne kawai square filafili, da kuma na uku - kawai QFontDatabase.
• Birgediya - kusan guda a matsayin cewa daga cikin jirgin ruwa mai filafilai, kawai tafiya Birgediya. A cikin mizzen ze tashi kuma yana da wani QFontDatabase, amma sauran kaya - kawai mike.
• Schooner kira wani abin hawa da yawan zura sandunan na biyu. Amma ba kasa da biyu daga cikinsu sun gudanar da wani QFontDatabase filafili.
• Polutoramachtovye kotu. Su mainsail da mizzen, kamar yadda aka "Fused" a cikin guda tsarin.
• Single-masted tasoshin. Kamar yadda za ka iya tsammani, da mast da suka yi daya kawai. Matsayin mai mulkin, da filafili su ne mafi sauki, kai tsaye.

Yana kawai don haka ya faru da cewa ya fi na kowa da irin a duniya ta Maritime tarihi ya zama sailing Birgediya. Wadannan jiragen ruwa sun sauƙin jirgin ruwa mai filafilai da schooner karkashin gini, kuma tare da wani cin nasara tsari magudi suna da mafi motsi da kuma gudun halaye.

Galleons da kuma juyin juya hali a navigation

A farko sailing jirgin ruwan, musamman ga dogon teku crossings - wannan ne galleon. An yi imani da cewa na farko da jirgin na wannan ajin yana da Karakka Mary Rose 1512 shiri, mallakar Birtaniya. Duk da haka, da Portuguese ne m cewa shi ne suna da daraja na samar da galleons, tun da suka fara gina da caravels.

Amma akwai duk wadannan jiragen ruwa ne ba daga karce, saboda yiwuwar gina bayyana ne kawai a lokacin da Shipbuilding masana'antu ya tunawa mai yawa fasaha nasarori da kuma binciken wadanda shekaru. Alal misali, a galleon - wannan shi ne na farko mnogopalubnoe sailing jirgin ruwa. Don wata babbar tsarin sanya gaba ɗaya na itace da wani m amfani da} arancin baƙin ƙarfe, kawai ya ba rushe, shipbuilders da samun da a babban mataki na sana'a fasaha.

Binciken a fagen gina jirgin ta ƙwanso

An yi imani da cewa na gargajiya makirci domin gina jiragen ruwa, a lokacin da mahalli da aka sanya farko, sa'an nan shi yana mai kwasfa, da aka kirkiro da Rumawa a kusa da karshen na farko Millennium AD. Kafin cewa, wannan sana'a jiragen ruwa tattara, da farko yin shi da jiki, sa'an nan a cikin zane "sun aiwatar da" frame. A wannan yanayin yana da wuya a cimma high daidaituwa, sabili da haka jiragen ruwa tare da m seaworthy samu infrequently.

A iyaka na kammala a wadannan shekaru - a kananan biyu-masted sailing jirgin a kan wanda shi yiwuwa a yi kunkuntar shiryayye tafiya, amma har yanzu ya sana'a - cabotage.

The fi sauri hanya zuwa Byzantine makirci canja zuwa kudu na Turai, inda irin wannan jirgi ya gina tun da XIV karni, Birtaniya ya fara yi shi wani wuri a cikin 1500, da kuma a arewacin Turai jiragen ruwa tare da sauki clinker rufi a wasu wuraren da aka gina a cikin 16th karni. Da farko, da sunayen jiragen ruwa, sanya ta Byzantine dabaru, ko da yaushe ya ƙunshi wani tushen da "Carvel" cewa nufi da gina frame, tare da m "m" planking. Saboda haka - cikin caravel, mun gwada da kananan sailing jirgin ruwan, yana da kyau kwarai seaworthiness.

A abũbuwan amfãni daga cikin sabon Hanyar

Shipbuilders sun samu mai yawa abũbuwan amfãni a lokacin da karshe ya koma zuwa ga gawa taro tasoshin. Abu mafi muhimmanci - da firam daga farko kwanaki na yi damar kimanta da siffar nan gaba daga jirgin, ta contours da kawar da nan da nan gano hanyoyin zane flaws. Bugu da kari, sabon fasaha Ya yarda da wani gagarumin karuwa a size, daga jirgi ta hanyar amfani da m da kuma "springy" frame, wanda aka baje ko da sosai nauyi.

Bugu da kari, cikin fata iya fara da yawa kasa fadi da katakai, kyale da cika fuska rage kudin da yi da kuma dakatar da felling na karni-tsohon oak. Alal misali, a kananan biyu-masted sailing jirgin gina a kan irin wannan hanya na iya zama "yanke" daga gwada da cheap Pine da Birch, kuma ta seaworthiness ba rincabewa.

A cikin horo na ma'aikata

A karshe, shi yiwuwa a yi amfani da yawa kasa gwani ma'aikatan: kai tsaye bayan da zane gana kawai 'yan mutane, da kafintoci aka tsunduma kawai rufe. A lokacin da gina jiragen ruwa farkon iri, kowane daga cikinsu dole ne ya kasance kusan a virtuoso ya craft. Tãyar yi processability ma a yarda a yi fiye da babbar teku jiragen ruwa.

Kowace daga cikin wadannan manyan mnogopalubnoe sailing jirgin ruwa a cikin fama ikon m fiye da dozin farkon m jirgin ruwa, wanda, da kuma manyan, sun mai kyau kawai ga bakin teku kewayawa.

Foda manyan bindigogi da kuma sailboats

Tuni a cikin 14-15 ƙarni a Maritime kasuwanci fara rayayye yada gunpowder manyan bindigogi, amma shi ya dogon sanya gabaɗaya a cikin bene saituna da aka asali nufin for maharba. Wannan ya kai ga karfi "decentralization", sanya jirgin sosai m, ko a gwada low agitation.

Ba da da ewa bindigogi fara da za a sanya a gaba tsaye axis na kayan aiki, amma har yanzu a kan saman bene. Duk da haka, ci gaba da bindigogi da nufin wuta a lokaci guda shi ne da wuya sosai, saboda wannan manufa don amfani mai zagaye rami yanka ta a cikin bangarorin. A peacetime, suka plugged da katako stoppers.

Wadannan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na bindigogi sun kawai farkon na 16th karni. Wannan bidi'a ba hanya zuwa ga halittar manyan kuma da-m battleships. Irin wannan babban sailing jirgin ruwa mnogopalubnoe daidai located duka biyu na sojan ruwa fadace-fadace, kazalika don fadada a ƙasar nan gaba na Latin Amurka.

Ƙattin na tsakiyar zamanai

Amma da farko ambaci classic galleon samu a tarihi takardun dating baya zuwa shekara ta 1535 shekara. Its abũbuwan amfãni da sauri suna yaba Spanish kuma Turanci. Ba kamar sauran jiragen ruwa na waɗanda shekara, wannan ya muhimmanci ƙananan tare da "daidai" ƙwanso Lines, wadda tabbatar da wani m kwarara juriya a kan Go. Mast sailing jirgin na da irin wannan ɗauke da wani gauraye sailing na'ura, wanda, tare da saboda fasaha da kuma tawagar kyaftin bari tafi tacking a cikin iska kusa da counter.

Hijirar ko ta yau da rana da aka nagari - har zuwa 2000 ton! Kamar wancan ne da kudin na galleons ko zama m saboda da yin amfani da rahusa maki na itace. Matsalar kawo sai mast sailing jirgin, wanda ake bukata kawai choicest Pine.

Design fasali

Masts aka kuma sanya daga Pine itatuwa, a kan ikon abubuwa daga cikin gidaje yarda oak. Ba kamar Karakka, baka superstructure ba rataye a gaba. Yanke abinci shi ne babban da kuma kunkuntar superstructure, wanda yana da kyau sakamako a kan zaman lafiyar da jirgin a lokacin tashin hankali. Conventionally daban-daban arziki galleons Threaded kayan ado da sauran embodiments daga cikin gidaje.

The most sailing jirgin na da irin wannan yana da bakwai (!) Cikas. A lokacin da gina wadannan Refayawa an yadu da'awar lissafi aiki (tuna da Great ofishin jakadancin na Bitrus Holland). Suka ci su burodi ne ba a banza: lissafin taimaka wajen haifar da manya-manyan jirgin, amma m, kuma m yin tsayayya da hadari, da kuma shiga, bi da collisions jiragen ruwa ta.

Halaye ze tashi magudi

Number of masts a kan galleons jeri daga uku zuwa biyar, da gaban kawo square filafili, da kuma raya - a kaikaice. The most Spanish galleons iya samun kawai biyu mizzen, wanda bayar da kyau gudun yi ko da headwinds da kuma bukatar matsar da yar ƙaramar ƙusa. Ta yaya low-gwani masassaƙa iya yi da hannu a cikin shiri na wadannan jiragen ruwa, kazalika da da za a fadi na sukar su maza, kamar yadda suka yi a magance da dama da ɗari kilomita na magudi.

Af, mun gwada da kananan tsawon na farko galleons sanya su a irin "iyali" gallery, wanda muka yi magana, game da a farkon wannan labarin. Idan jirgin samu a cikin wani cikakken kwantar da hankula yankin, ya ya iya motsawa a kan wani kwale hanya. Hakika, a cikin hadari don amfani da wannan zabin bugun jini ya kashe kansa.